2. The Reformation originated in Germany, which has its historical inevitability. Luther's religious reform was mainly due to his indignation at the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church and his hypocrisy of being justified and doing bad things behind his back. (Generally speaking, the Nordic people have a strong sense of justice ~ ~ because they are less eroded by Rome, the center of corruption, hehe ~ ~ evil Rome ~) Germany was in a state of division at that time, with hundreds of countries, large and small. It is a typical feudal society. Many German governors have long been in conflict with the Roman church, especially Saxon elector Friedrich and his son, who are staunch supporters of Martin Luther's reform. And both college students and ordinary people support him. This movement has two results, one is positive and the other is negative. On the positive side, it has created a "cheap" religion (people no longer need to buy the Vatican's atonement book ~ ~), which is especially favored by the emerging bourgeoisie. People are liberated from the complicated religious ceremonies every day and don't have to pay attention to the "God's Spokesman" in Rome. Religion belongs to the real inner world, and people can only be saved by their inner beliefs. On the other hand, Luther established a real religious belief in Germany, which hindered the spread of rational spirit and enlightenment thought in Germany in the future. Of course, the acceptance of scientific and technological knowledge and rationalism is a big step slower than that of other countries, which also caused Germany to fall behind in modern times. Let's just say that Martin Luther's religious reform opened the inner spiritual freedom, but ignored the outer practical freedom. Of course, he also shaped the deep, pure, dedicated and introverted national character of the German nation. Why is Germany the most thinker and master? The answer is here. Some people commented that among Europeans, only Germans have real.
3. The historical role of children: The Renaissance centered on Italy and influenced the Latin-speaking world in a broad sense, including France and Spain. This movement produced "humanism"; The Reformation centered on Germany, and its influence broadly covered German-speaking countries such as Switzerland, Britain and Northern Europe. This movement produced "spiritual freedom". These two movements * * * isomorphically became an important bridge for the social transition to modernization in the West and China, and became a beginning and starting point for the West to break through the trap of the Middle Ages and move towards modernization. Personally, the Renaissance is basically a cultural movement. The religious reform had a greater impact on later generations. Because it involves some economic reforms, it promotes the economic concept of the emerging bourgeoisie and liberates people's free working hours. The religious reform has played a more important role in promoting the western countries to a capitalist society. This is also the reason why northern Europe surpassed southern Europe after the industrial revolution. In the past, Europe was always richer in the south than in the north, but it collapsed when it entered a capitalist society, both culturally and economically. ~ ~)