Confucius (5565438 BC+0-479 BC)
Zhong Ni, a native of Qufu, Shandong Province, was born in 55 BC1year. He is a famous thinker and educator in China, and the founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His ancestors were originally nobles in the Song Dynasty. Later, due to the political turmoil, the family moved to Shandong, and the family was surrounded by walls, and the family wealth declined. In Confucius' generation, it declined even more. When Confucius was young, he was a small official who managed warehouses and looked after cattle and sheep. In middle age, he fled to Qi and became a servant of Gao. Soon, he returned to Shandong, began to sort out ancient books, collected disciples, founded the Confucian school, and worked as a judicial officer for several months. However, his official career was always unsatisfactory. He soon retired from the officialdom and led his disciples to travel around the world. In his later years, he returned to Shandong to continue to engage in the collation and teaching of ancient books and culture. He compiled and edited poems, books, Spring and Autumn Annals and other important documents. Many of his incisive remarks were edited by his disciples after his death and became important classics of Confucianism.
Confucius grew up in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was a period of social upheaval during the transition from slave society to feudal society. He praised the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and advocated restoring the social and material order of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He often says "I am depressed, I am from the week", which means that once I am in power, I will work hard in this direction; He criticized the phenomenon of "there is no way in the world" at that time and demanded the restoration of rites, which was inconsistent with the general trend of social development at that time, but it did not mean that Confucius' thought was backward and retrogressive, because the "rites" he was obsessed with were not entirely from the old times, but also mixed with many new elements in his imagination, such as Ju Xian, Caring for Benevolence, Three Cardinals, the Five Permanent Members and so on.
Confucius' greatest contribution in his life was in education. He recruited a wide range of disciples, created the atmosphere of private lectures, and devoted himself to education for decades. According to legend, he had 3000 disciples and 72 disciples from different vassal states and different social classes, which broke the situation of government monopoly on education and widely spread the excellent culture of ancient China. His valuable experience accumulated in years of educational practice still has high reference value today. "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing is knowing", "reviewing the past and learning the new", "learning from the past for the present", "teaching people tirelessly" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" have almost become the motto of generations of educators to encourage themselves and others, so he deserves respect from all generations.
Huang Zongxi (16 10- 1695)
Huang Zongxi, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, was a thinker and historian during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His father Huang Zunsu was framed by Wei Zhongxian, and he loved to learn from Liu. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, he went to Beijing to go to court, killed his enemy with an iron cone, and led the members of the "Fu She" to persist in fighting against the eunuchs and powerful people, and was killed several times. When the Qing soldiers went south, he recruited volunteers and set up the "Shizhong Camp" to carry out armed resistance, and was appointed as the left deputy capital suggestion by King Lu. After the death of Ming Chengzu, he wrote in seclusion and refused to be recruited by the Qing court many times. Knowledge involves astronomy, arithmetic, music, classics and history, all of which have been studied, and the achievements in history are particularly great. The case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty opened the atmosphere of historical research in eastern Zhejiang. Philosophically, he opposed the theory of "Qi comes first" of Song Confucianism, and thought that "Reason" was not an entity, but only the order and order in "Qi". It is necessary to "measure imagination, seek noumenon, and only set all things as conscience in knowledge." Exposing the crime that the monarch monopolizes the world's property is a bold conclusion that "the monarch is the bane of the world." His main works are Song Yuan Gong An.
politician
Sun Quan (A.D. 182-252)
Sun Quan, named Zhong Mou, was the founder of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited the inheritance of his father and brother and became a hero in the Three Kingdoms period.
Sun Quan's father, Sun Jian, was born in Fuchun at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was originally just a small county official. After the outbreak of the Yellow Scarf Uprising, more than a thousand soldiers were self-sufficient and promoted to another department of Sima, and then in Taining, Changsha. He once attached himself to the consolidation forces of Yuan Shu. 192 was killed by an arrow in the battle with Liu Biao. Sun Jian's eldest son, Sun Ce, was only 17 years old. On the basis of Sun Jian, he occupied Jiangdong in 200 AD, Sun Ce was assassinated, and his younger brother 18-year-old Sun Quan became the new owner of Jiangdong.
Sun Quan is young and promising. He paid attention to uniting all forces, and soon won the support of his subordinates, so that Zhang Zhao, Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Cheng Pu, Taishi Ci and other Jiangdong celebrities were "used by him" and the situation in Soochow was stabilized. In 2008, Sun Quan joined forces with Liu Bei, defeated in Chibi, and fought a decisive battle with Wei and Shu. On 2 19.
Sun Quan has outstanding leadership and unique political vision. Before he proclaimed himself emperor, he set up counties in Jiaozhou and Guangzhou. In 242, he sent troops to capture Hainan Island, where he sent 10,000 troops and crossed the Strait to reach Taiwan Province Island, basically unifying the Jiangnan area. He carried out large-scale reclamation measures, which greatly developed agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and navigation in the south of the Yangtze River, and promoted the shift of China's economic focus from north to south. During the reign of Sun Quan, Wu Dong always maintained a strong strength and became the longest-lasting and finally extinct regime in the Three Kingdoms. He sighed with the famous politician Cao Cao: "Children should be like Sun Zhongmou!"
emperor
Li Yuan (566-635)
In 566 AD, Li Yuan was born into a noble family in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Li's grandfather helped Xianbei Mermaid Taiwan establish the Northern Zhou regime in Guanzhong. After his death, Li Yuan was posthumously named Tang Guogong. When he was young, Li Yuan served as the official title of state secretariat, county satrap and central Wei. Later, he was appointed by Yang Di to stay in Taiyuan and became the leader of Guanlong aristocratic group.
After the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan assessed the situation and saw that Wu was unable to suppress the peasant resistance, and the demise of the Sui Dynasty was a foregone conclusion. So he led the troops from Taiyuan to fight against the Sui Dynasty. He contacted Shi Mi, a wagang army, and several other heavy Sui rebel armies, and quickly expanded his power. In June of 665,438+06,5438+0, Chang 'an, the capital of Sui Dynasty, was captured and the Weishui River Basin was controlled. After he laid Chang 'an, he did not rush to be emperor, but made You Yang, the son of Yang Di at the age of 13, the emperor's father. In one fell swoop, he cleverly avoided fighting with the main forces that still have considerable strength, and he could use this ignorant identity to recruit the forces of Sui and Yi armies to strengthen his own team. In this way, by 6 18,
Song Huizong (1082- 1 135)
Zhao, a Mingwa native, was the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, the son of Zhao, and the philosopher's emperor. He has been in office since1100-1125. Cai Jing, Tong Guan and others were appointed to preside over state affairs, and corruption was rampant, and taxes were excessively increased. He was extravagant and dissipated, and Yang Jianhua Palace and other palaces stipulated that the main hall of Confucius Temple should be named Dacheng Hall after the "imperial system". He also believed in Lu Guan, a Taoist architect, and claimed to be the founder of Daojun Emperor, searching for exotic flowers and rocks in the south of the Yangtze River. He called the "Huashi Gang" to build a garden in the capital, and named it "Genyue", so class contradictions intensified and peasant uprisings broke out in Hebei, Shandong and Jiangnan. At the end of the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), it was in Jin. Later, he died in the Great Five-Nation Earthquake. When he was in office, civil servants edited books such as Xuan He Shu Pu, Xuan He Hua Pu, and Xuan He Bo Gu Tu. Calligraphy and painting, the official book is called "thin gold book", painting flowers and birds in the sky.
honest and upright official
Harry (15 14- 1587)
Harry's name is Ruxian, also called Guo Kai, and his name is Feng Gang. 15 14 was born in Qiongshan County, Hainan, Guangdong Province. He lost his father at the age of 4 and lived alone with his mother Xie. He studied hard and was finally appointed as a Confucian Oracle in Nanping County, Yanping Prefecture, Fujian Province at the age of 30. Later, Lian Yushou came to Nanping, and Hai Ruicheng bowed instead of kneeling. Li said to his colleagues who accused him: "A scholar does not kneel, but bows for a long time", which shows his upright and upright personality.
1558, Hairui was promoted to the magistrate of Chun 'an, Zhejiang. He cleared his post and increased his salary, distributed taxes equally according to the land area, reduced the burden on the people, cracked down on the mighty, recruited refugees, arranged production, and promoted the Garbo Law to resist Japanese harassment, which was deeply supported by the people. At the same time, Harry is an honest and clean official, who has solved his doubts and grievances many times. He was not afraid of power and even took over Zhejiang.
1562, Meirui was promoted to Tongguan, Jiaxing, and soon fell into Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province. He served for more than a year and made remarkable achievements in farming, military service, inviting people to exile and managing officials. On 1564, he was transferred to the position of Director of Yunnan Department of Beijing Household Department. He witnessed that Emperor Jiajing ignored state affairs for 20 years, concentrated on alchemy and seeking Buddha, and wrote a letter with decisive irony. Therefore, he angered the emperor and was arrested and imprisoned. Fortunately, Prime Minister Xu Fang and others managed to save him from death. After Jiajing's death, Hai Rui was reinstated, promoted to Dali Temple Cheng in 1567, and later served as Nanjing Youtongfu. You Jindu's advice is his career.
At the peak, during this period, in order to order the strongmen to retire from the field, he punished Xu Fang, a nephew who was a rescuer, and became a thorn in the side of the strongmen and landlords. They colluded with the powerful officials of the DPRK to crack down on Hai Xianrui, who was quickly dismissed and returned to his hometown to live in seclusion for more than ten years.
1585, the intellectual spirit was lively and active, and Harry, who was over 70 years old, was appointed as the right ambassador of Nanjing Duchayuan, and was appointed as the right assistant minister of Nanjing Department and the official minister. Harry didn't change the style of being honest and upright in those days, and issued a notice prohibiting reform and rectifying official management, which reflected the will of the people. Two years later, Harry died while in office. When his coffin was transported back to his hometown from Nanjing by water, thousands of people spontaneously came to the banks of the river to attend the funeral, expressing their nostalgia for Christina Day.
Coke (1922- 1964)
Jiao, a native of Zibo, Shandong Province, 1962 Secretary of the County Party Committee of lankao county, Henan Province. At that time, floods, sandstorms and saline-alkali disasters were the most serious in lankao county, and the grain output fell to the lowest level in history. He is determined to work with the people of the county to change the poverty in Lankao. In order to find out the natural disasters in Lankao, he personally led a team to inspect the disaster area and mastered the first-hand information. Later, he knew that he had cancer.
litterateur
Tang Xianzu (1550- 16 16)
Tang Xianzu, the meaning of the word is still there. If a Taoist priest in Qingyuan, Linchuan, Jiangxi Province is like a stone sea, he is called "Yugou Hall". He refused to recruit Zhang, and Zhang recorded that he was a scholar in the 11th year of Wanli (1593). He served as the doctor of Taichang Temple in Nanjing, director of the ritual department, wrote a letter to impeach Shen Shixing, a university student, and was demoted to Xuwen Dian Shi in Guangdong, and later changed to Suichang County in Zhejiang. He was also discussed as an official of places of interest because he was not attached to powerful people, and he did not serve again. He studied under Luo Rufang of Taizhou School and was influenced by Li Zhi's thought, and became friendly with monks. In his later years, he developed a negative Buddhist and Taoist thought. In traditional Chinese opera, he opposed learning from the ancients and stuck to the rules. The main works are Zixiao Ji, Zi Chai Ji and Shen Huan Ji, namely Peony Pavilion, Conan Ji and Handan Ji. In Conan Collection, Handan Ji and other works, there is such an expression for dreamlike negative thoughts.
Feng Menglong (1574- 1646)
Feng Menglong, a writer and dramatist in Ming Dynasty, is not the son of the dragon, but the master. He used to be a satrap. Qing soldiers participated in anti-Qing activities when crossing the river and died in their hometown. His thoughts are slightly influenced by civic consciousness, but the basic aspects still belong to the category of the landlord class. Attach importance to novels, operas and popular literature. A few selected works can be contemptuous of some aspects of disorder. He is the author of Yu's Ming Yan, Shi Jing and Xing Yan, which are called "Sanyan" in history. In addition, he also compiled Ghost Chicken and Folk Songs, Sanqu Collection under the Stage, and Notes on Ancient and Modern Times. , and rewritten the novels "The Legend of Pingyao" and "New National Records"
Zheng Zhenduo (1898- 1958)
Zheng Zhenduo, a modern writer and a famous scholar, is known by his pen names Xidi and Guo Yuanxin. Born in Yongjia, Zhejiang. When the May 4th Movement broke out, he was studying in Beijing Railway Management School, taking an active part in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle as a student representative, and co-founded the magazine Xinshe with Qu Qiubai. He is one of the founders of the "Literature Research Association" and has edited such publications as Literary Xunkan and Novel Monthly. He fought resolutely against "Xue Heng School" and "Yuanyang Butterfly School". After the May 4th Movement, he and Mao Dun founded the Axiom Daily, organized the Shanghai Writers Association together with Hu Yuzhi, and participated in the political struggle at that time. He lived in Paris from 1927 to 1929. After returning to China, I worked in the Commercial Press. 193 1 year, he taught in yenching university and Jinan university successively, and once edited Universal Library. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, he "reorganized" with organizations such as Zhou, Xu Guangping and published The Complete Works of Lu Xun and The History of the Party of Lian * * * (Bolshevik) and Lenin. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, he ignored the persecution of Kuomintang reactionaries and founded Democracy Weekly. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he was a member of the first and second China People's Political Consultative Conference, and served as the director of the Institute of Literature of another Academy of Sciences and the vice minister of culture. 1In June, 958, he led a cultural delegation from China to visit abroad, and died on the way due to a plane crash. His major works include Arrest of Firefighters, Collection of Historical Novels, Literature Outline, Illustrated History of Picture Books in China, History of Popular Literature in China, Selected Works of China, A Brief History of Russian Literature, etc. There are many literary translations. The Collected Works of Zheng Zhenduo was published in 1959.
Farmer leader
Hong Xiuquan (18 14- 1864)
Hong Xiuquan, a native of Lu Guan Village, Hua County, Guangdong Province, was born in a peasant family. He entered school at the age of 7, aged 65,438+06, and dropped out of school because of poverty. 65,438+08 years old, became a teacher in the village. He went to Guangzhou to take the Science Society exam four times, but failed to get into a scholar. When he went to Guangzhou for an exam at the age of 65, he took the exam at 438+0836.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/843, Hong Xiuquan carefully studied "Good Words on Earth", believed in the doctrine of * * *, and founded a religion of worshipping God. Then, based on the religious belief that "one true god" forbids Hong Xiuquan to worship all idols, they moved the Confucius tablet from the village school together with Feng Yunshan, and they lost their teaching career.
1844, Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to Gui County, Guangxi to give publicity and education to Gu Village. In 10, Hong Xiuquan returned to Hua County to create a propaganda lesson plan. 1846, he successively wrote Baizheng Song, Salvation Song of the Original Way and Awakening Instruction of the Original Way. He combined benevolence and righteousness with Confucianism, persuaded the world to worship God, learn integrity, refer to wishful thinking, punish the rich and help the poor, and realize the social ideal of fairness and integrity.
1In July, 847, he returned to Zijingshan and Feng Yunshan in Guangxi to set up institutions to worship God. 10 In June, he and Feng Yunshan went to Wang Gan Temple in Xiangzhou, announcing that the landlord worshipped Wang Gan's top ten crimes of deceiving the world and angrily raised a bamboo stick to destroy the idol. This action shook the whole Zijingshan area. Since then, Hong Xiuquan has gained great fame, and more and more people have joined the worship of God. During this period, Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan began to secretly discuss and launch an uprising.
1848, Hong Xiuquan wrote "All-way Shi Juexun", saying that he would overthrow the Qing Dynasty.
1 In July, 850, Hong Xiuquan issued a general mobilization order, calling on all local parishioners to "group camp" in Jintian Village on June 4th, 185 1,1to worship God. In February 65438, he issued an imperial edict in Ann to increase the official system. The following spring, he promulgated the Taiping Rules as the military law of the Taiping Army. 1In March of 853, Hong Xiuquan entered Nanjing and changed Nanjing to Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After making Tianjin its capital, under the leadership of him and Yang, the Taiping Army carried out the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition. In Tianjin, kings built buildings and palaces. 1856, forced to make Yang "Long live", and there was a struggle within the leading group of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He began to reuse his cronies and made his eldest brother and second brother king. Later, the situation deteriorated, and Hong Xiuquan was still addicted to religious superstition, and the revolution was beyond national salvation. /kloc-0 died in Tianjing on June 3rd, 864.
patriotic overseas Chinese
Chen Jiageng (1874- 196 1 year)
Chen Jiageng, a native of Tongan, Fujian, studied business in Singapore with his father in his early years and has been engaged in rubber industry for a long time. 19/kloc-joined the league in the spring of 0/0, and served as the chairman of Fujian Security Conference during the Revolution of 1911. Raise funds to support the revolutionary activities of Fujian Revolutionary Party and Sun Yat-sen, and while operating industrial and commercial enterprises, they are also enthusiastic about cultural and educational undertakings. Since 19 13, many schools have been founded and sponsored in Jimei, Xiamen, southern Fujian, Singapore and other places, and Nanyang Business Daily was founded on 1924 to encourage overseas Chinese to join the anti-Japanese movement. After the "18th Incident" broke out, Chen Fa sent a telegram to the Overseas Chinese Association of Singapore to encourage overseas Chinese to take part in the anti-Japanese patriotic movement. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Chen called overseas Chinese from all over Southeast Asia to hold a congress in Singapore, with 168 participants. The Nanyang Overseas Chinese Relief Association was formally established and was elected as its president. The Association has 85 branches all over Nanyang, with its headquarters in Singapore, and supports War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in many aspects. Since the Anti-Japanese War, overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia have remitted an average of 25 million yuan to China every month. In addition to donors, the association has recruited more than 3,200 car drivers and mechanics to return to China to participate in transportation. In order to urge Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan, he telephoned Chiang Kai-shek on behalf of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia on1October 27, 1938: "Resist Japan, support our company, or compromise halfway, that is, plan to commit suicide. Qin Gui plays Zhang Zhao. 1940 returned to China to inspect Chongqing, Yan' an and other places. The conclusion is that the Kuomintang will fail and the Yan' an * * * production party will win. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, he called on overseas Chinese in Nanyang to join the peaceful and democratic movement in China and oppose Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship. On the eve of the founding of New China, he returned to the motherland to participate in the construction of a new China. 196 1 died in Beijing. He served as the chairman of the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese and the second and third vice-chairmen of the China People's Political Consultative Conference.