Invisible electricity is not matter.
Although the dazzling light band of lightning is impressive, it is only a manifestation of its powerful energy. Electricity is formed by the directional motion of electrons in an electric field.
Used for conducting solids, such as wires. Driven by electromotive force, atoms on the surface will directionally transfer electrons on the surface to neighboring atoms.
Such as the same endless conveyor belt. There are many free electrons in the air.
Their directional movement in the electric field can also form current. Lightning is an example.
Its formation and complexity are simply: the cloud rubs and accumulates a lot of charges in the process of airflow movement. The potential difference between it and the surrounding points and areas gradually increases.
To a certain extent, it will discharge strongly. The object of discharge can be the ground or other clouds.
The path through which electrons pass is heated to several thousand degrees because the current reaches several thousand degrees, so that white light appears between the naked eyes. The above is my understanding of electricity.
Please feel free to give me your suggestions. In addition, magnetism is produced by the movement of electrons outside the atom and is inextricably linked with electricity.
2. Small scientific and technological knowledge about saving electricity
Date of jellyfish network: June 20, 2008 Source: Yantai Daily
1: TV: When using TV, controlling the brightness and sound of TV screen is a way to save electricity. In addition, a loud voice consumes less power than a small voice.
2. Refrigerator: The refrigeration room temperature of the refrigerator is set to 5 degrees, which consumes more electricity 10 degrees per month than 8 degrees, and the heat preservation effect is poor. General food preservation effect is 8 degrees-10 degrees. In addition, timely defrosting can save electricity by 5 to 20 degrees per month.
3. Air conditioning: The air conditioning temperature is set at 26℃-28℃ in summer and at 16℃- 18℃ in winter, which can save energy and prevent the occurrence of "air conditioning diseases". In addition, cleaning the filter once a month can save electricity 10% to 30%.
4. Energy-saving lamps: replacing ordinary incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps can save electricity by 70%-80%, and the service life is 8- 10 times that of incandescent lamps. Tan liming finishing
3. Knowledge about electricity
As early as 2,500 years ago, the ancient Greeks discovered that amber rubbing fur could attract some light things such as fluff and straw, which they called "electricity".
In 1600, British doctor Gilbert (1544~ 1603) did experiments for many years and found many phenomena such as "electricity" and "electric attraction", and he was the first to use such special terms as "electricity" and "electric attraction", so many people called him. In the 200 years after Gilbert, many people have done many experiments and accumulated their understanding of electrical phenomena. 1734, a Frenchman, Duval, discovered the phenomenon that like charges repel each other and different charges attract each other. 1745, an archbishop of Prussia (the predecessor of Germany) discovered the discharge phenomenon in the experiment.
/kloc-In the mid-8th century, in America on the other side of the ocean, the great electrician Franklin did many experiments, which further revealed the nature of electricity and put forward the term current. He believes that electricity is a weightless fluid and exists in all objects. If an object gets more electricity than its normal weight, it is called positively charged (or "positive charge"); An object is said to be negatively charged (or "negatively charged") if its charge is lower than its normal charge. The so-called discharge is the process from positive current to negative current. Franklin's statement can indeed satisfactorily explain some electrical phenomena at that time, but the understanding of the nature of electricity is contrary to our current view, that is, when two objects rub against each other, it is the negatively charged electrons that are easy to move.
Franklin's other great contribution to electricity was the famous kite experiment in 1752, which proved that lightning in the sky and electricity on the ground are the same thing. He put a big kite into the cloud with a wire. A rope is attached to the lower end of the wire, and a bunch of keys are hung on the wire. At that time, Franklin held the rope in one hand and gently touched the key in the other. So he immediately felt a violent electric shock and saw a small spark between his finger and the key. This experiment shows that the kite wire soaked by rain becomes a conductor, which leads to the lightning charge in the air between the finger and the key. This was a sensational event at that time. A year later, Franklin made the world's first lightning rod.
The study of current phenomenon is of great significance to people's in-depth study of electricity and electromagnetic phenomena. Galvani (1737- 1798), an Italian anatomy professor, first started this research. Galvani's discovery originated from a very common lightning phenomenon in 1780. Lightning caused a frog's leg to cramp on the table in galvani's autopsy room, with pliers and tweezers on the table. His rigorous scientific attitude made him not give up the study of this "accidental" strange phenomenon. He spent a whole year 12 studying the electric action in muscle movements such as frog legs. Finally, he found that if the nerve and muscle were exposed to two different metals (such as copper wire and iron wire), the frog's legs would spasm. This phenomenon is produced in the current loop. However, galvani still can't answer the reason of this current phenomenon. He believes that frog leg spasm is the expression of "animal electricity", and the circuit composed of metal wires is just a discharge circuit.
Galvani's views aroused great repercussions in the scientific community at that time. However, another Italian scientist Volta (1745~ 1827) disagreed with galvani. He believes that electricity exists in metal, not in muscle. Two obviously different opinions caused controversy in the scientific community, which divided the scientific community into two factions.
In the spring of 1800, there was a further breakthrough in the debate on the cause of current. Volta invented the famous "Volta battery". This battery is a device consisting of a series of overlapping circular zinc sheets and silver sheets. Between each pair of silver pieces and zinc pieces, separate them with a piece of cardboard soaked in salt water or other conductive solution. Silver sheet and zinc sheet are two different metals, and salt water or other conductive solutions are used as electrolyte to form a current loop. This is a relatively primitive battery, which is a battery pack connected by many silver-zinc batteries. But at that time, it was not easy for Volta to invent this kind of battery.
The invention of the voltaic cell made people obtain a continuous current that can be controlled artificially for the first time, which provided a material basis for the future study of current phenomena and opened up a prospect for the application of current effect, and soon became a powerful tool for electromagnetic and chemical research.
4. Scientific knowledge about electricity
Ten tips about electricity 1. What are the links in the journey of electricity? Power generation-transformation-transmission-transformation-electricity consumption ① Power transmission source: power generation ② Power transmission medium: Power transmission ③ Power transmission terminal: Power is generated by a power plant, boosted in a substation, and further sent out, and the line is transmitted to a distant place through a transmission tower.
Then step down the voltage through the substation for the use of factories and large shopping malls, and then step down the voltage through the transformer for household use. Second, how fast is the electricity? Power transmission is the "sixth mode of transportation" after highway, railway, waterway, aviation and pipeline transportation.
The electric field is transmitted at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second, and power generation, transmission, distribution and electricity consumption are completed at the same time. In order to supply power reliably, optimize resources and reduce the cost of electricity, we connect transmission lines into a large power grid for people to use.
The propagation speed of electric field can go around the earth almost 8 times per second. Third, why should we transform? People can store water in jars, but electricity can't. It must be made in an instant and transmitted through wires.
In order to make the current spread further, it is necessary to increase the voltage of electricity. After the current flows out of the step-up substation, it will enter the high-voltage line.
High-voltage lines are far away from the ground and erected on huge iron towers to transport current from power stations to various places. 4. What are the energy sources that can generate electricity? The energy that can generate electricity is mainly divided into traditional energy and renewable energy.
At present, China mainly uses traditional energy to generate electricity. Traditional energy sources include coal, oil and natural gas. Renewable energy includes nuclear energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy and wind energy.
5. What is "power transmission from west to east"? The western region of China is rich in hydraulic resources and underdeveloped; The eastern region is economically developed and lacks energy. Through the energy development strategy of "power transmission from the west to the east", hydropower and thermal power in the west are developed and transported to the eastern region where power is scarce, which not only provides a new historical opportunity for the western provinces to transform the advantages of power resources into economic advantages, but also alleviates the current situation of power shortage in the east, promotes the optimal allocation of resources in a large range and realizes the optimal utilization of limited resources.
Sixth, why do you want to patrol the line? Line workers patrol along the electric tower to check whether the equipment is complete. If there is any damage, they should report to their superiors in time and carry out emergency repairs to avoid delaying the normal transmission of power supply. Because some lines have to cross mountains and rivers or between mountains, the inspection work is very hard.
After the EHV line inspector boarded the high-voltage line, the nearest distance between the cable under his feet and the ground was12m, and the highest was 800m. Psychological quality and physical quality should be absolutely excellent.
7. What should I do if the transmission line encounters a snow disaster? Blizzard will cause power lines to freeze, and some towers will collapse to the ground because they can't bear the gravity of ice and snow. Now the newly developed DC ice melting device is installed on the icing line, and the ice and snow can melt a little.
8. Is there radiation on the high-voltage line? Many people will doubt whether the electromagnetic environment around power transmission and transformation facilities is safe. In fact, the power frequency of power transmission and transformation facilities in China is 50 Hz, and only power with a frequency exceeding 3000 Hz will spread in the form of electromagnetic waves to form radiation, so you don't have to worry about the impact of substations or high-voltage lines on health and safety.
9. What about 1 kWh? The most runnable 1 kwh: the electric bicycle runs about 80 kilometers, the coolest 1 kwh: the ordinary electric fan runs about 15 hours, the cleanest 1 kwh: the 9W energy-saving lamp lights up 100 hours or more, and the most entertaining 1 kwh. 1 kwh summer heat: about 15 bottles of beer are produced, and the warmest 1 kwh: weaving is about 10 meter. 10. If everyone saves 1 kWh every day, what effect will it have? China has a population of 654.38+0.33 billion, which can save electricity by 654.38+0.33 billion kWh a year. Assuming that 654.38+0 kWh is 0.6 1 yuan, it is 654.38+03.3 * 365 = 485.45 billion kWh. 4854.5 * 0.61≈ 2961.200 million yuan. Take Guangzhou's annual electricity consumption of 63.75 1 100 million kwh as an example, that is, 4854.5 ÷ 637.438+0.76 years, and the electricity saved in one year is enough for Guangzhou to use for 7.6 years.
Power generation 1 kwh requires 0.3 kg of standard coal, which will generate 0.8 kg of carbon dioxide. According to the above algorithm: 4854.5 * 0.8 = 388.36 billion kg = 388.36 million tons, the carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by 388.36 million tons.
5. Safety tips against electric shock
1, avoid walking around power facilities such as telephone poles and transformers, and try to avoid falling wires.
2. Avoid contact with metal parts such as signal poles and landing billboards, and try not to wade.
If you find that the power supply line is broken in the stagnant water, don't handle it yourself. You should mark the surrounding area immediately, remind other pedestrians not to approach, and call the power supply department in time.
4. Once you find someone getting an electric shock in the water, don't approach or try to contact the rescue. First, make sure you are in a safe place. If you can find the power switch, you should cut off the power as soon as possible; If you can't find it, you can try to isolate the electric shock victim from the power supply under the premise of using insulating materials and tools, and notify the relevant departments for disposal.
If a wire happens to be broken on the ground around you, don't panic and you can't run away. You can jump to a safe place with one leg.
People's Network-How to prevent wading to get an electric shock? (prism)
6. Summarize the scientific knowledge of safe electricity use.
To sum up the scientific knowledge about the safe use of electricity, there is no need to write too many words about 100.
Safe use of electricity, in fact, 1000 words can not be written.
First, the risk of electric shock; If a current of1000 mA flows through the human body when the human body gets an electric shock, it is fatal, so the person who gets an electric shock should leave the power supply as soon as possible.
Second, how much current the human body passes when getting an electric shock; When the human body is in contact with any phase line, the current is 0.2 19A when the neutral grounding resistance is 4 ohms and the human body resistance is 1000 ohms, which is a very dangerous current. Therefore, in the neutral point direct grounding system, there is no protection device.
3. Contact voltage and step voltage; The current is grounded, 20 meters away, and the voltage is close to zero. When people are exposed to contact voltage, there will be a potential difference between their feet.
Four, grounding and zero.
Verb (short for verb) safe operation.
Six, safety equipment.
Seven, on-site first aid.
7. Common sense of saving electricity
First, the plug and socket of household appliances should be in good contact to save electricity, otherwise it will increase power consumption and may damage electrical appliances.
Second, the scale accumulated in the electric heating tube of the electric kettle should be removed in time to improve the thermal efficiency, prolong the service life and save electricity.
Three, the use of electric heaters in the room should be sealed as much as possible to prevent heat loss. Turn off the power supply in time after the room temperature meets the requirements.
Fourth, it is best to buy an electric iron with a power of 500W or 700W for ironing clothes. This kind of electric iron heats up quickly, so long as it reaches the use temperature.
Automatic power off not only saves electricity, but also ensures the quality of ironing clothes.
5. If the fabrics of the ironed clothes are not exactly the same, iron them with low-temperature resistant chemical fiber clothes first, and then iron them with high-temperature resistance after the temperature rises.
Cotton and linen fabric. After the power failure, you can use the waste heat to iron some chemical fiber clothes.
6. The power consumption of the electric fan is directly proportional to the rotating speed of the fan blades. On the premise of meeting the use requirements, try to use the middle and slow gears. Such as 400 mm.
Fan, the fast gear consumes 60W, and the slow gear only consumes 40W.
Seven, for air conditioning, it is advisable to set the room temperature at 27 to 28℃. In addition, when turning on the air conditioner, close the doors and windows; Cleaning the dust screen regularly can save money
30% of electricity; Do not start frequently. After stopping, it must be restarted after 2 to 3 minutes.
Extended data:
(1) Save electric energy, that is, save the primary energy needed for power generation, thus saving the energy of the whole country and reducing the tension of energy and traffic;
(2) Saving electric energy, that is, saving the state's capital investment in power generation, power supply and electrical equipment accordingly;
(3) In order to save electricity, we must rely on the progress of science and technology. With the continuous adoption of new technologies, new materials, new processes and new equipment, saving electricity will certainly promote the development and improvement of industrial and agricultural production level;
(4) To save electricity, we must strengthen the scientific management of electricity consumption, which will improve the management work and improve the management level of enterprises;
(5) Saving electric energy can reduce unnecessary electric energy losses, reduce electricity expenses for enterprises, reduce costs and improve economic benefits, so that limited electric power can exert greater social and economic benefits, improve the utilization rate of electric energy and make better use of electric resources.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-power saving
8. Knowledge about electricity
Any two objects can be charged when they rub. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, American scientist Franklin thought that there were two kinds of electricity with different properties, called positive electricity and negative electricity. The electricity brought by friction is either positive or negative. Scientifically, it is called positive electricity, which is the same as the electricity used by glass rods to wipe ribbons; It's called negative electricity, just like the electricity when a rubber rod rubs fur.
Friction electrification is just a phenomenon. Modern science tells us that any object is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons, which move around the nuclei. In general, the number of positive charges in the nucleus is equal to the number of negative charges in the electrons outside the nucleus, and the atoms are not conductive, so the whole object is neutral. It is difficult to change the number of positive charges in the nucleus, but the extranuclear electrons can get rid of the bondage of the nucleus and transfer to another object, thus changing the number of negative charges with the extranuclear electrons. When an object loses electrons, the total negative charge of its electrons is less than the positive charge of the nucleus, indicating that it is positively charged; On the contrary, an atom that is originally neutral appears to be negatively charged when it combines with excess electrons.
When two objects rub against each other, one of them is bound to lose some electrons, while the other will gain extra electrons. If the glass rod rubs against the wire, some electrons of the glass rod are transferred to the wire, and the glass rod is positively charged due to the loss of electrons, and the wire is negatively charged due to the gain of electrons. Rub the rubber rod with fur, and some electrons in the fur are transferred to the rubber rod, so that the fur is positively charged and the rubber rod is negatively charged.
It can be seen that triboelectrification does not generate electricity, but only transfers objectively existing electrons from one object to another.
9. Grade Four-Science-Electricity Knowledge
It is found that in ancient times, in China, the ancients thought that the phenomenon of electricity was caused by the excitation of Yin and Yang, and Shuo Wen Jie Zi said that "electricity, Yin and Yang excite brilliance, and it is from rain to charity".
"Vocabulary" includes "thunder from behind, electricity from application. Yin and yang become thin and become thunder, and discharge becomes electricity. "
There is a record about static electricity in Lun Heng (about the first century AD, that is, the Eastern Han Dynasty). When amber or tortoise shell is rubbed, it can attract light and small objects, and it also describes the phenomenon that silk is rubbed to generate electricity. However, ancient China didn't know much about electricity. Around 600 BC, the Greek philosopher Thales (640-546 BC) knew that the friction of amber would attract fluff or sawdust, which is called static electricity.
Electricity in English means "amber" in ancient Greek. Elektron's Modern Exploration in Greece18th century, the West began to explore various phenomena of electricity.
American scientist Benjamin Franklin (1706 ~ 1790) thinks that electricity is a weightless fluid and exists in all objects. When an object gets more electricity than normal, it is called positively charged; If it is less than a positive constant, it is called negative charge. The so-called "discharge" is the process from positive current to negative charge (artificially specified). This theory is not entirely correct, but the names positive charge and negative charge have been preserved.
The concept of "electricity" in this period is a material proposition. Franklin did many experiments and put forward the concept of current for the first time. 1752, in a kite experiment, he put a kite with a key in the cloud with a metal wire, and the metal wire wet by rain led lightning in the air between his finger and the key, which proved that lightning in the air and electricity on the ground are the same thing.
From matter to electric field, electricity began to develop in18th century. 1767, J.B.Priestley and C. A. Coulomb (1736-1806) discovered the law that the force between electrostatic charges is inversely proportional to the distance. /kloc-in 0/800, Italian Volt (A.Voult) made the first battery by immersing copper and tin in salt water and connecting wires. It provided the first continuous power supply and was called the ancestor of modern batteries.
183 1 year, M. Faraday of Britain demonstrated the generation of induced current by using the change of magnetic field effect. In 185 1, he put forward the concept of physical power line.
This is the first time to emphasize the concept of charge transfer to electric field. Electric field and magnetic field 1865, Maxwell put forward the mathematical formula of electromagnetic field theory and provided the concept of displacement current. The change of magnetic field can produce electric field, and the change of electric field can produce magnetic field.
Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic radiation, and such electromagnetic waves were shown in H.Hertz of 1887. As a result, Maxwell integrated electricity and magnetism into a theory, which also proved that light is an electromagnetic wave.
The development of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory also explains the microscopic phenomenon, pointing out that the charge is split rather than continuous. 1895, H.A. Lorenz assumed that these split charges are electrons, and the role of electrons depends on the electromagnetic field of Maxwell's electromagnetic equation. 1897, J.J.Thomson of Britain confirmed that the electronicity of these electrons is negatively charged.
1898, W.Wien observed the deflection of anode rays and found the existence of positively charged particles. The great influence of electricity on human life. The discovery and application of electricity greatly saved human physical and mental work, made human strength grow wings and extended human information tentacles.
The influence of electricity on human life has two aspects: the acquisition, conversion and transmission of energy and the basis of electronic information technology. Discharge is to make a charged object uncharged.
Discharge: discharge does not destroy the charge, but causes the transfer of the charge, and the positive and negative charges cancel each other, making the object abnormal. Lightning: The surface of our earth is covered with a thick atmosphere. Under the irradiation of sunlight, the earth's atmosphere forms atmospheric convection, and some atmospheres contain a lot of water vapor, forming water vapor clouds.
High-speed convective water vapor clouds cut the earth's geomagnetic field, so the water vapor clouds are influenced by the earth's magnetic field, forming huge water vapor clouds with positive and negative charges at both ends of the water vapor clouds. Due to the influence of atmospheric convection, different water vapor clouds meet in the air, resulting in a huge charge discharge phenomenon, forming a spectacular and somewhat daunting natural phenomenon, accompanied by lightning and thunder. Lightning usually occurs in the vigorous rainy season, accompanied by strong winds and heavy rains, and sometimes accompanied by hail and tornadoes.
The natural condition of lightning is that tropical atmospheric clouds move eastward or westward at high speed, which can produce lightning phenomenon. The atmospheric clouds in the cold zone move at high speed, so it is impossible to produce lightning; It is also impossible for atmospheric clouds moving south or north at high speed to produce lightning.
The physical condition of lightning is: 1. The atmosphere that produces lightning is a water vapor cloud composed of aqueous solution and aerosol with water as solvent and other trace substances dissolved in water as solute, and the insulating air around the water vapor cloud. In the mixture of water solution and aerosol in water vapor cloud, there are trace substances such as acid, alkali and salt, which produce freely movable positive and negative ions in water vapor, and these positive and negative ions provide a large number of charge sources for lightning.
2. Driven by the huge airflow, the water vapor cloud needs to cut the earth's magnetic field, so a large number of free positive and negative ions in the water vapor cloud gather at both ends of the water vapor cloud under the action of the earth's magnetic field, forming a huge charge body. Driven by the huge airflow, the water vapor cloud may move upward, downward, eastward, westward, northward and southward. Only when the water vapor cloud moves up, down, east and west at high speed will the high-speed water vapor cloud cut the earth's magnetic field, and a large number of free positive ions and negative ions in the water vapor cloud will gather at both ends of the water vapor cloud under the action of the earth's magnetic field. When the huge water vapor cloud cuts at high speed,