Question 1: What is the name of China’s earliest calendar? They are the Xia calendar, the Yin calendar, the Zhou calendar, the Huangdi calendar, the Zhuanxu calendar, and the Lu calendar. Therefore, the earliest one is the lunar calendar
Question 2: What is the earliest calendar in the world? The Mayan calendar is earlier than the ancient Babylonian calendar
Question 3: What is the earliest Mayan calendar in human history? Calendar
The Mayan calendar is a system of different calendars and almanacs used by the Mayan civilization in Mesoamerica during the pre-Columbian period.
These calendars synchronize with each other in complex ways and are closely integrated to form broader and longer-term cycles.
The Mayan calendar system itself is based on a popular local calendar system that dates back to at least the 6th century BC and shares many characteristics with the calendars used by other Mesoamerican civilizations. , although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate from the Mayan civilization, its subsequent extension and the method of eliminating the bad and retaining the good are the most sophisticated.
Besides the Aztec calendar, the Mayan calendar is also the most complete and understandable calendar.
Question 4: China’s earliest calendar, the Xia calendar, is the lunar calendar.
China’s calendar and chronology adopt the yin-yang stem-branch triad calendar; in ancient times, according to the needs of different agricultural and animal husbandry production conditions, solar calendars and lunar calendars were produced respectively. As a traditional Chinese calendar, it is unclear when the lunar calendar first originated. According to many records in unearthed oracle bone inscriptions and ancient Chinese classics, the current calendar rule of combining yin and yang is generally believed to originate from the Yin and Shang Dynasties. From the Yellow Emperor's calendar to the introduction of the Western calendar (Gregorian calendar) at the end of the Qing Dynasty, 102 calendars were produced in Chinese history. Some of these calendars have had a major impact on Chinese culture and civilization, such as the lunar calendar, the business calendar, and the weekly calendar. , the Taichu calendar of the Western Han Dynasty, the Dayan calendar of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Huangji calendar. Although some calendars have not been officially used, they have played a significant role in health preservation, medicine, ideological scholarship, astronomy, mathematics, etc., such as the Santong calendar at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. and the Huangji calendar of the Tang Dynasty, etc. The ancient Chinese calendar before the Han Dynasty used 366 days as one year, and used leap months to determine the four seasons and the beginning and end of the year; it already had the time units of day, month, ten days and hours, and had the technology of the lunisolar calendar; the five major planets and According to the movement patterns of the sun and the moon, the leap month subtraction method is used to adjust the time difference; the implementation of the method has become an important event. One of the main contents is to use the leap month to determine the age of the four o'clock and the positive leap excess, that is, to determine the position of the leap month and how to subtract the excess days ( Instead of adding missing days), the end and beginning of the years are determined. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty royal family, the princes went their own way, so a multi-track calendar appeared, that is, each prince and tribe had its own local calendar; the Qin Dynasty was the last country in Chinese history to use leap months to determine the four o'clock. 's calendar.
Beginning in the early Han Dynasty, the Chinese calendar experienced a major turning point. The calendar was unified across the country, and the calendar became a relatively independent science and technology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tasked Sima Qian and others to compile the "Taichu Calendar", and then Liu Xin wrote the "Santong Calendar". The important feature of these two calendars is that the years are unified. The number of integer days in a year is 365, instead of the 366 in the previous calendar. sky. The previous subtraction method is replaced by the addition method to adjust the time difference. The start of the year cycle is quite fixed, and leap months can be determined using mathematical calculations. There is no need to test the ephemeris and establish the five elements. At this point, the yin and yang and the five elements have basically withdrawn from the calendar. The calendars promulgated by successive Chinese dynasties were all similar to the Taichu calendar. After the founding of the Republic of China, the Western calendar or the Republic of China calendar were used together.
Question 5: Who first invented the Chinese calendar? The "Huangdi Calendar" is the earliest calendar in China. A large number of historical books record that it was the calendar that the Yellow Emperor ordered people to develop after defeating Chi You and unifying the world. The rules of the original calendar are lost, but some are known from some ancient books: "Huangdi Calendar" is a lunar-yang calendar that starts with the month of Jianzi (the handle of the Big Dipper, including the month of the winter solstice). It is the starting point of observing the time and telling the time, creating ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches (combining sixty stems and branches) to express the yin and yang and the five elements. The leap month is used to determine the four o'clock and the age. Almost all the calendars of the past dynasties in China have followed this calendar foundation and have been passed down to this day. That is today’s lunar calendar.
Question 6: What is the earliest calendar in my country? Fuxi calendar is also called "Shangyuan calendar", "Taichu calendar", or "Jia calendar".
"Shangyuan" refers to the "Ancient Era" and is also the initial era of the Chinese nation. It is an era that starts from a special astronomical phenomenon during the reign of Fuxi, the ancestor of China.
Historical records: "In the early days of the Yuan Dynasty, at the time of the winter solstice, all the seven stars gathered together to fight morning glory, and the whole night was like a string of pearls." Because Jiazi is the starting point of the heavenly stems and earthly branches; midnight is the starting point of the day (Zi hour); Shuodan is the starting point of January; and the winter solstice is the starting point of the twenty-four solar terms. That is to say: the Shangyuan of Taichu Calendar is chosen at midnight on Jiazi day and night, which is also the winter solstice and the new moon day; and the sun, moon and five stars (Qiyao) all converge on the point between Dou (one of the twelve constellations) and Morning Bull. At this place, at the end of the night, the sun and the moon are like a pair of stones, and the five stars are like a string of pearls. [1]
Zu Chongzhi, a famous mathematician in ancient my country, used the Dayan method to calculate the starting point of Shangyuan Jiazi in the Taichu calendar: it was found that the period from Shangyuan Jiazi to Guimao in the seventh year of Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty (463 AD) Fifty-one thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine years have passed.
Contemporary scholars, Zuo Quanru and others from the School of Mathematical Sciences of Yangzhou University, in the National Natural Science Foundation Mathematics Tianyuan Fund Project (A0224013), used the Qin-Zuo table to calculate the multiplication rate, and used modern mathematical methods to improve the Dayan calculation method This conclusion was once again proved by solving the system of indefinite equations using the ancient method of mathematics[2]. Huang Fumi of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote in "Century of Emperors": "Taihao (i.e. 'Fuxi') reigned for 110 years, had fifty-nine descendants, and was handed down to the world for more than fifty thousand years." The "History of Taishang Hunyuan Laozi" written by Xie Shouhao of the Southern Song Dynasty also said: "Fuxi Mu De first created the calendar... and his descendants have inherited it for 45,600 years." All are similar to the results of mathematical calculations. Contemporary scholar Yan Chaoke also proved the feasibility of this time point through archaeological and cultural relic research. (See "Eight Iron Proofs of Lianshan Shennong's Hometown of Emperor Yan".)
In addition, Fuxi is also known as Baoxi. The "Yuhai Calendar" written by King Yinglin of the Song Dynasty states: "The beginning of Yang Qi in the Fuxi period was the law, establishing the five qi, establishing the five constants, and determining the five elements to have the five movements of the Jia calendar." "Ancient Three Tombs" also says: "Fuxi's family, the king of wood and the minister of the month, and Long Qian's family, who made the Jia calendar." In Chinese legends, Fuxi is also the ancestor who taught people cooking and animal husbandry, as well as the astronomical calendar. , and archeology has discovered that the era when humans began to raise animals and pay attention to astronomy happened to be 50,000 years ago. Therefore, the Fuxi chronology is well-founded [3].
Specifically: the conversion relationship between the Fuxi calendar and the Western calendar is:
Fuxi calendar year = Western calendar year + 51477 (years).
For example, 1984 in the Western calendar is the year of Jiazi, which happens to be the 53461st year of Fuxi. Fuxi Calendar uses sixty years as one Jiazi, so the Fuxi Calendar Year of Jiazi must be:
The number of years in a Jiazi=N×61
And: 53461=891×6 1
The Fuxi calendar used in this book is a pure solar calendar. This pure solar calendar is also the prototype of the Ganzhi calendar and was made by the ancient Chinese sage Fuxi.
The Fuxi calendar uses the day in the solar return year that contains the solar term winter solstice [4] (hereinafter referred to as the winter solstice day) as the first day of the first lunar month [5], and the calculation of months and dates adopts the isotropic method. The specific method of the equalization method is:
Assume that there are twelve Qi months every year (because this division is mainly based on the solar terms and the twelve earthly branches and is close to the synodic cycle of the moon, it is called "Qi month" for short) Or "branch month" (abbreviated as "month" out of custom [6]). The number of days in a month close to perihelion is one-twelfth of the total number of days in a year and then rounded up. The number of days in a month close to aphelion is rounded up. The number of days in a month is one-twelfth of the total number of days in a year, rounded up and then added to one. Then use this method to allocate the number of days in a year to get the number of days in each month. That is to say, if: Winter Solstice to Winter Solstice includes 365 days, and perihelion is between Winter Solstice and Xiaohan, then there will be thirty days per month on 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 have 31 days in each month. If: Winter Solstice to Winter Solstice includes 366 days, and perihelion is between Winter Solstice and Xiaohan, then 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, and 12 have 30 days in each month. There are 31 days in each month on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and September is the moist month. Because this calendar is based on the solar terms under the Dingqi method, and an average is simplified every month based on the changes in solar terms, it is called the "equalized Qi method".
It should be said that the Fuxi calendar used in this book has obvious advantages compared with other calendars already known to mankind (such as our country’s current Gregorian calendar and the Western Era method, also commonly known as the "Western Yuan"). advantages.
First of all, the first year of Fuxi was more than 50,000 years ago, and these 50,000 years were the period when new humanity was formed. Most of human civilization was formed during these 50,000 years. Before that...>>
Question 7: Who first proposed the ancient Chinese calendar? The first reform of the four-point calendar was the eighty-one-point calendar proposed by Deng Ping, Luo Xiahong and others during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the establishment of a new calendar in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (104 BC), he changed the seventh year of Yuanfeng to the first year of Taichu, and stipulated that the end of Taichu Yuan should be at the end of December, and every year thereafter would start from the first month of Mengchun. , to the end of December in winter. This calendar is called "Taichu Calendar". The synodic period of this calendar is 29 and 43/81 days, so it is called the eighty-one-point method, or the eighty-one-point calendar.
Question 8: What calendar has been used in Chinese history? The Xia calendar is one of the traditional Chinese calendars, also known as the lunar calendar, lunar calendar, Yin calendar, ancient calendar, old calendar, etc. The lunar calendar is a lunisolar calendar, with the moon orbiting the earth once as a month, and the average month length is equal to a synodic month. This is the same principle as the lunar calendar, so it is called the "lunar calendar". On the other hand, leap months are set to make the average length of each year as close as possible to a tropical year, and twenty-four solar terms are set to reflect the changing characteristics of the seasons. To this day, almost all Chinese people in the world, as well as countries such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam, still use the lunar calendar to calculate traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and other festivals.
China’s calendar and chronology adopt the yin-yang stem-branch triad calendar; in ancient times, according to the needs of different agricultural and animal husbandry production conditions, solar calendars and lunar calendars were produced respectively.
As a traditional calendar, there is no way to know when the lunar calendar first originated. According to many records in unearthed oracle bone inscriptions and ancient classics, the current calendar rule of yin and yang is generally believed to have originated from the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
From the Yellow Emperor’s calendar to the introduction of the Western calendar (Gregorian calendar) at the end of the Qing Dynasty, 102 calendars were produced in Chinese history. Some of these calendars have had a major impact on Chinese culture and civilization.
For example, the lunar calendar, the Shang calendar, the Zhou calendar, the Taichu calendar of the Western Han Dynasty, the Dayan calendar of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Huangji calendar. Although some calendars have not been officially used, they are very important for health care, medicine, ideological scholarship, astronomy, Mathematics has played a major role, such as the Santong calendar in the late Western Han Dynasty and the Huangji calendar in the Tang Dynasty. The ancient Chinese calendar before the Han Dynasty used 366 days as one year, and used "leap months" to determine the four seasons and the beginning and end of the year; it already had the time units of day, month, ten days and hours, and had the technology of the lunisolar calendar; it was observed that the five major The movement patterns of the planets, the sun and the moon use the "leap month" and "subtraction method" to adjust the time difference; the implementation of the calendar has become an important event, and one of the main contents is "using the leap month to determine the four seasons of the year" and "positive leap months", that is, determining The position of the leap month and how to subtract the extra days (not add the missing days) to determine the end and beginning of the year.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty royal family, the princes went their own way, so a multi-track calendar appeared, that is, each prince and tribe had its own local calendar; the Qin Dynasty was the last in Chinese history A calendar that “uses leap months to determine the four seasons of the year.”
The calendar saw a big turn in the early Han Dynasty. The calendar was unified across the country and the calendar became a relatively independent science and technology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tasked Deng Ping, Tang Du, Luo Xiahong and others to compile the "Taichu Calendar", and then Liu Xin wrote the "Santong Calendar". The important feature of these two calendars is that the years are unified, and the integer number of days in a year is 365. , no longer the 366 days of the previous calendar.
The "addition method" is used to replace the previous "subtraction method" to adjust the time difference. The beginning of the year cycle is quite fixed, and leap months can be determined using mathematical calculations. There is no need to "test the ephemeris and establish "Five Elements", so far, Yin Yang and Five Elements have basically withdrawn from the calendar. The calendars promulgated by successive Chinese dynasties were all similar to the Taichu calendar. After the founding of the Republic of China, the Western calendar or the Republic of China calendar were used together.
The Xia calendar, the Yin calendar and the weekly calendar use different months as the beginning of the year: the Xia calendar uses the Yin month as the first month, the Yin calendar uses the Zi month (today's November in the lunar calendar) as the first month, and the weekly calendar uses the Chou month as the first month. (December of today's lunar calendar) is the first month.
Calendars of past dynasties:
Six Ancient Calendars
Zhuanxu Calendar - Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty (? - 104 BC)
Taichu calendar (three unified calendars) - Western Han Dynasty, New Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty (104 BC - 84 BC)
Four points calendar - Eastern Han Dynasty (85 - 220 AD), Cao Wei (220 - 236 BC) ), Soochow (222 years), Shu Han (221-263 years)
Qianxiang calendar- Soochow (223-280 years)
Jingchu calendar-Cao Wei, Western Jin, Eastern Jin, Liu Song (237-444), Northern Wei (398-451)
Yuan Jiali-Liu Song, Southern Qi, Nanliang (445-509)
Daming Calendar - Nanliang, Nanchen (510 - 589)
Three Chronicles - Later Qin (384 - 517)
Xuanshi Calendar - Northern Liang (412-439), Northern Wei (452-522)
Zhengguang Li-Northern Wei (523-534), Eastern Wei (535-539), Western Wei (535) - 556 years), Northern Zhou Dynasty (556 years - 565 years)
Xinghe calendar - Eastern Wei Dynasty (540 years - 550 years)
Tianbao calendar - Northern Qi Dynasty (551 years - 577 years)
Tianhe Calendar - Northern Zhou Dynasty (566-578)
Elephant Calendar - Northern Zhou Dynasty (......>>