Faced with such a severe international situation, Chairman Mao put forward the highest instruction of the nine-character policy in 1972:
From then on, China began to make long-term strategic preparations and vigorously carried out engineering infrastructure construction in various places. On July 30 this year, a military hospital near Changsha, Hunan Province was digging an air-raid shelter and suddenly dug up an ancient tomb, which opened the archaeological excavation of Mawangdui Han Tomb.
According to preliminary judgment, this is the tomb of Li Cang, the prime minister of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty. With more and more unearthed cultural relics, it has become the underground treasure house of Chinese civilization, and even called "Pompeii in the East" by the western world. The significance at that time was far better than the recent sensational Sanxingdui archaeological excavation.
In particular, the discovery of one thousand-year-old corpse caused a sensation all over the world, which provided the most powerful material evidence for studying all aspects of the early Han Dynasty and created a miracle of the world's corpse preservation records.
This female corpse was about 50 years old when she was buried, and her height was about 1.54 meters. It is well preserved. When it was first unearthed, her skin was as elastic and moist as when she fell asleep. It's no exaggeration to use the word "lifelike" to describe her. She has been dead for more than two thousand years.
Archaeologists found in further dissection that the anti-corrosion technology of this female corpse is completely different from that of other countries, and it is more advanced than a little. For example, the most famous mummies in Egypt are mummies, which are hollowed out and sealed after weathering.
Almost 100% of female corpses unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb have internal organs and organs. Microscopically, the internal organs not only have a clear outline, but also have a little adipose tissue.
Although it was during the great movement, the conditions in all aspects were very immature. However, under pressure, Premier Zhou ordered the rescue of the excavation and personally asked about the excavation progress many times.
In order to preserve this extremely rare ancient corpse, the relevant state departments have also earmarked funds for the construction and protection of the museum. By injecting preservatives into the blood vessels of the female corpse, the temperature and humidity of the body discovered underground were simulated, and the body discovered was transferred to the crystal coffin to ensure constant temperature and humidity.
For a long time, grave-robbing activities have been rampant in Hunan, and there is even a saying that "ten tombs in Changsha are empty".
According to the archaeological experts who participated in the excavation, three stolen caves were found during the excavation of Mawangdui No.1 tomb, which were all in the Tang Dynasty and the Republic of China, and almost touched the tomb. Mawangdui Tomb No.2 was also stolen in the Tang Dynasty, and the coffin and a large number of cultural relics were destroyed. Although Tomb No.3 is relatively complete, it is largely due to luck.
In 2002, the Hunan provincial government built a new museum for Mawangdui site. When the Millennium female corpse was moved to the new museum, Hunan Provincial Public Security Department, Hunan Provincial Museum and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were specially convened to hold a coordination meeting and decided to conduct a comprehensive scientific appraisal of the female corpse.
The test results are very satisfactory, and this Mawangdui female corpse may be preserved for a long time. Through the identification of scientific instruments, the skeleton of the corpse has no obvious change, but the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus have increased, and there are certain amino acids.
In other words, the phenomenon of "decalcification" appeared in ancient corpses, but this trend was quickly curbed by improving preservation conditions and preservation solutions.
Experts say that in an increasingly ideal environment, if there is no force majeure, Mawangdui female corpse should be preserved for a long time, at least decades. @ Literature and history are not fake
First of all, from the structural analysis, Mawangdui tomb structure is magnificent and complex. The three tombs are all rectangular vertical-cave tombs, and the tombs are on the north side. The tomb is built at the bottom of the tomb pit, at the bottom of the tomb and around the tomb, filled with charcoal and gypsum, and then filled layer by layer, compacted and sealed. The tomb is very strong and the anti-theft design is also very good.
Secondly, according to Xiong Chuanxin, an expert from Hunan Museum who participated in the excavation of the Han Tomb that year, three stolen caves were discovered during the excavation of Tomb No.1.. One of the rectangular stolen holes is only two or three meters away from the surface. From the analysis of the footprints left, the stolen hole should be dug during the Republic of China. In addition, the oil lamp in the Tang Dynasty and the ancient coin of "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" were found in an irregular round stolen cave, five or six meters away from the surface, indicating that the tomb robbers in the Tang Dynasty tried to enter the tomb; The third stolen hole is in the middle of the tomb. This is an irregular stolen hole with a diameter of about two meters. The thief kept digging, but finally gave up. It means that these three stolen holes didn't touch the tomb in the end.
Thirdly, through the study of the excavation results, it is found that Tomb No.2 of Mawangdui Han Tomb was stolen in the Tang Dynasty (which also confirmed the authenticity of the stolen cave in the Tang Dynasty on Tomb No.1), and then it was repeatedly excavated, causing extremely serious damage, the coffin collapsed, a large number of cultural relics were destroyed, and the remains of the tomb owner were scattered all over the floor.
Therefore, it is very lucky that the No.1 Gate and No.3 Tomb of Mawangdui are well preserved. At the beginning, many grave robbers didn't dig holes in the exact location. # Grave #
Ten tombs have been empty since ancient times. Among the tombs of the past dynasties, the tombs of the Han dynasty were stolen the most, and they were also the favorite of grave robbers, because among the tombs of the past dynasties, the funerary objects of the tombs of the Han dynasty were the most abundant.
There is a saying in archaeology that one-third of the wealth of the entire Han Dynasty was placed in the tomb. In fact, this sentence is absolutely right. What we are most familiar with is the gold thread and jade clothes, which were only available in the Han Dynasty.
Why are the ancient tombs in Han Dynasty so luxurious? This is also inseparable from the background of the times. Being an official in other dynasties depends on talent and knowledge. Whether it is the imperial examination system or the Nine Grades Zhengzhong system, we all look at these two points.
But only the Han Dynasty was different. Han dynasty called it "Ju Xiaolian", that is, if a person wants to be an official, he must be recommended by the villagers. The most important thing in the village is that this person is filial, and only filial people can be officials.
However, whether parents are filial depends on where they look. The most intuitive thing is the size of the grave built for parents, so many people wish to bury the whole family in order to show their filial piety.
Changsha Hexi from tianmashan to the north, via Yuelu Mountain to Wang Yue Park (the original tomb park) to Wangcheng Rose Garden, has a series of low hills ranging from tens to hundreds of meters high, overlooking the Xiangjiang River. Now most of them have become parks or scenic spots. In ancient times, it was a wild place in the west of the city, haunted by birds and animals, and inaccessible.
In the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, whenever members of King Changsha's family died, especially the king and queen, a grand burial ceremony was held. The ferry carrying huge coffins set off from Hedong City and buried the dead in these valleys. Moreover, later generations also have some tombs of nobles or civilians here, forming a contiguous tomb area.
There were two schools before and after Changsha State in Han Dynasty. It has been 46 years since Wu's Changsha Kingdom was passed down for five generations. The tomb of King Wu Changsha has been found in the tomb of Wangchengpo near Xiangbizui Mountain, Doushan Mountain and Wangling Park, which is the underground palace of the Wu family. Today, more than 20 Liu tombs have been found in Yuelu Mountain and Gushan Mountain in Hexi.
197 1 At the end of the year, an ancient tomb was accidentally discovered in Mawangdui Township near Liuyang River in the eastern suburb of Changsha. According to the judgment of the archaeologist Mr. Hou Liang, this is probably a well-sealed fire pit tomb with constant temperature and humidity, and the items in the fire pit tomb are generally well preserved. With infinite imagination and expectation, Hou Liang led the archaeological team and officially entered Mawangdui.
After careful exploration, Hou Liang found three tombs in Mawangdui. Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.2 are arranged in an east-west direction, and Tomb No.3 is on the south side of Tomb No.1, next to Tomb No.1 ... among which Tomb No.1 1 located in the northeast is the largest.
After discussion, Hou Liang decided to excavate tomb 1 first. After more than ten days' efforts, the seal of Tomb No.1 has been completely pushed open. A rectangular tomb with a length of 20 meters from north to south and a width of 17.9 meters from east to west is revealed. Such a huge tomb not only surprised the young digger, but also shocked Hou Liang, who has many years of archaeological experience.
When the second step on the east side of the tomb was excavated, a female comrade who was digging suddenly shouted, "Look, I dug a big pit!" " "After you listen to immediately came running. Before everyone could understand, another comrade not far away slowly shouted, "What's so strange about this? I dug one too. "When everyone finished watching these places, it was like throwing a pot of cold water on their heads. Obviously, these are stolen holes.
There were three stolen holes, two squares and one circle. According to some old technicians, ancient stolen holes are generally round, while modern stolen holes are square. In other words, this ancient tomb has been visited by several groups of grave robbers since ancient times. Later, we dug seven or eight meters and found rubber soles. According to the appraisal of department store business experts, this is 1948 Shanghai rubber sole. It can be judged from this that the latest batch of grave robbers visited 24 years ago!
Grave robbers have been rampant in Changsha since ancient times. Therefore, there is a saying in the industry that "Changsha ancient tomb, ten tombs and nine empty". Obviously, this ancient tomb did not escape the hands of grave robbers. Hou Liang's mood is very complicated in the face of successive hole-stealing incidents. Is it possible that this ancient tomb still has the value of excavation? Will everyone go through all kinds of hardships and finally dig an empty grave? One by one, the athletes quit.
The ancient corpse of Mawangdui Han Tomb refers to a female corpse found in a Han Dynasty tomb in the eastern suburb of Changsha, Hunan Province in 1972. She is the wife of Li Cang, the prime minister of Changsha. Some people regard her as the underground cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, while westerners call her the "Pompeii City" of the East.
Although underground cultural relics appear constantly, the cultural glory of Mawangdui remains undiminished. Its uniqueness in many fields makes it a well-deserved national treasure? !
When it comes to Mawangdui Han Tomb, there are always endless words, because there are too many magical legends and touching stories here. Mawangdui is located in the eastern suburb of Changsha. According to the Records of Changsha County compiled during Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, Mawangdui was related to Ma Yin, the king of Chu in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. It was called "Mawangdui" in ancient times. From 1972 to 1974, through excavation and textual research, it is actually the cemetery of Chiyou family in the early Western Han Dynasty, with more than 3,000 precious cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed.
The number of lacquerware unearthed from the three Han tombs in Mawangdui is the largest, well-preserved, diverse in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship. There are a series of cultural relics on display here, such as moire lacquer tripod, moire lacquer case, moire lacquer cup box, pastel rectangular lacquer plate and conical lacquer plate.
The preservation environment of Mawangdui Han Tomb is extremely bad. When the grave robber opened the grave, he found that there was not enough oxygen, so he gave up. Then there was a lot of water in the project, and almost all the cultural relics were preserved in water, so they were not stolen. The important reason is that there is water.
Yunlong, the creator of the cultural field
Everyone should have heard that there is a saying in archaeology that "there are ten tombs in Changsha, and nine tombs are empty", which also shows that grave robbery in Changsha, Hunan Province is very serious. Basically, grave robbers patronize both discovered and undiscovered tombs, but even so, the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha discovered by 197 1 is almost completely preserved. Is this because the grave robbers didn't find it? Not really, because many stolen holes were found near Mawangdui, but in the end Mawangdui was not stolen.
1972, when a military hospital in Changsha, Hunan Province drilled a hole near Mawangdui, Furong District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, an unknown gas came out of the ground. The builders tested the gas with fire, but it was actually ignited and produced a blue flame.
The staff reported this discovery to the Hunan Provincial Museum, and the archaeologists immediately rushed to the scene. After the excavation, they were stunned. They found a layer of white plaster underground. After taking out the white plaster mud, they unearthed a large amount of charcoal, with 10 thousand Jin, and pulled four trucks. Then found a huge tomb, and finally determined that this is an ancient tomb-Mawangdui ancient tomb.
Archaeologists then excavated the palace of Mawangdui No.1 cemetery. When the coffin in the tomb was opened, everyone present was shocked: there was a "living dead" lying in the coffin. You should know that the skin of this "dead man" is shiny and elastic, and some joints can move, except for the protruding eyes and tongue, which is completely like just dying. It is really a vivid "living person".
Because of this, the excavation of female corpse in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha caused a sensation in the world. After expert research, it was found that she was Mrs. Xin Zhui, the wife of the Prime Minister in the early Han Dynasty.
Xin Zhui is not completely recorded in history. Her husband, Li Cang, was born at the end of the Warring States and the beginning of the Han Dynasty and was the enfeoffment king of Changsha. According to textual research, this Han tomb is the tomb of Ticang, the prime minister of Changsha, and his relatives in the early Western Han Dynasty. There are three tombs in this group, in which Li Cang himself, his wife Xin Zhui and his son are buried.
In other words, this female corpse has passed away and has been lying underground for 2 100 years. The "wet corpse" that survived 2000 years of wind and rain without corruption is just one example.
According to the on-site anatomy experts, "Xin Zhui's skin is still very elastic when touched by hand." This is the best preserved wet corpse in the world.
More than 3,000 pieces of cultural relics have been successfully unearthed from Mawangdui Tomb, most of which are well preserved, and two very precious plain gauze Zen clothes, each weighing less than 50g, are the earliest, most completely preserved and most exquisite and light clothes in the world. Their exquisite craftsmanship made everyone sigh.
In addition, thousands of precious cultural relics such as colored silk paintings, bamboo slips, lacquerware, musical instruments and coffins were unearthed with Sleeping Beauty.
197 1 At the end of the year, an ancient tomb was accidentally discovered in Mawangdui Township near Liuyang River in the eastern suburb of Changsha. According to the judgment of the archaeologist Mr. Hou Liang, this is probably a well-sealed fire pit tomb with constant temperature and humidity, and the items in the fire pit tomb are generally well preserved.
More secretive
Because Mawangdui Han Tomb is specially shielded, it was built in the middle of many departments, so it will not be found. Then people who go to the department are generally in a hurry, so they are in a hurry, so they generally can't find such a secret place. Otherwise, it would have been discovered long ago and would not have been preserved until now. So it took a lot of effort to build the Han tomb at that time.
Grave robbers are in a hurry.
When the grave robbers went to the nearby grave, because there were two tombs, they were particularly anxious when they got them, so they didn't care to look at the tombstones and didn't find them. If they had been more careful at that time, they would have found many cultural relics in it, so the preservation of Han tombs is also a great wealth for us.
The tomb hole is very deep.
The fog cave in the Han tomb of Hanwang is particularly deep, so grave robbers have never been there. After they went there, they found that digging more than ten meters was not enough. So they said that they had no patience and energy, and they chose to give up directly. Later, after the archaeologists went, they finally dug him up through hard work. If you use more than 5000 kilograms of charcoal, you have to fill four trucks. After cleaning the charcoal, you can see the real grave.
It can also be said that people who see the Han tomb are particularly delicate. If I hadn't looked so deeply, I must have been stolen by a grave robber. Therefore, the wisdom of the ancients is also particularly powerful. Then at the same time, grave robbers are particularly shameful. If it weren't for them, there should be more ancient cultural relics to show a tradition of our Chinese nation.
Conclusion:
The preservation environment of Mawangdui Han Tomb is extremely bad. When the grave robber opened the grave, he found that there was not enough oxygen, so he gave up. Then there was a lot of water in the project, and almost all the cultural relics were preserved in water, so they were not stolen. The important reason is that there is water.
Grave robbers have been rampant in Changsha since ancient times. Therefore, there is a saying in the industry that "Changsha ancient tomb, ten tombs and nine empty".
Changsha was once the "Southeast Meeting" of Chu State, but as a vassal state of the Western Han Dynasty, Changsha lasted for more than 200 years, and the tomb of princes and ministers was always coveted by grave robbers in later generations.
1972, archaeologists discovered three stolen caves in Mawangdui 1 Tomb. Why didn't the grave robbers keep digging? According to Tu Fuzi (tomb thief) in Changsha, they didn't see the coffin until dawn when they were digging the tomb of 1. At this time, they were disheartened and thought that this was a suspicious tomb set by the ancients, so they gave up. As a result, the excavation of 1972 made the immortal female corpse and many precious cultural relics unearthed, which became an archaeological miracle.
Wu Xie, the descendant of a local master in Changsha, accidentally got a silk book during the Warring States Period, which recorded the secrets of the ancient tomb. He took the tomb-robbing notes handed down by his grandfather and began a thrilling treasure hunt. This is a story about the robbery of the old nine gates in Changsha, which is described in the novels of the three uncles of Nanpai. Although the story is fictional, there are no relevant records about nine grave robbing families in history. But tomb raiding in Changsha was really rampant during the Republic of China. Commonly known as: Tufuzi.
According to the book Whispering in Xiaoxiang, Tufuzi is the common name of people who made a living by selling yellow mud in Changsha during the Republic of China. In Changsha at that time, people mainly burned charcoal, but coal was not cheap. In order to increase its fire resistance, it is necessary to add yellow mud, so there is this kind of person who makes a living by selling yellow mud. Because the best yellow mud is the backfill soil in the tomb pit, many soil masters go to dig near the tomb, and sometimes they dig out the funerary objects of the tomb owner. After a long time, some landowners specialize in robbing tombs for a living.
Nowadays, most of the teachers who were born and raised in those days are old and have returned to their familiar underground world. Their skill and controversy, their once grave-robbing Jianghu have all been in blowing in the wind. And the legend they left to future generations is still printed on a bronze ware, a jar of ceramics and a piece of silk …
However, in a small town like Changsha, where did so many unearthed cultural relics come from? It turns out that there are two main cultural relics sites in Changsha: the urban area and the suburbs. To say that Changsha is small actually refers to its plane space. If viewed from three-dimensional space, it has enough depth. In terms of depth, the bottom cultural layer is about 8 meters. But it spans more than 2000 years. Two thousand years of history is piled up in such a narrow space. No wonder some people say that as long as the old city of Changsha is dug down, there will be cultural relics.
From Chu Tomb in Warring States Period to Ming and Qing Dynasties. The dense tombs cover almost all the suburbs in Changsha's history. Therefore, the phenomenon of grave robbery in Changsha has been very serious since ancient times, which can be said to be ten tombs and nine empty ones. Then, why can the historical miracle of Mawangdui Han Tomb be well preserved in such a rampant grave robbery environment?
In the early 1970s, it was the preparation period of "digging deep holes and accumulating grain". On July 30 this year, a military hospital not far from Mawangdui chose two mounds with high terrain to excavate the air-raid shelter. When the medical staff were drilling and probing, a chill suddenly emerged from the hole. Someone filled the hole with water and the injected water spilled out. As a result, various versions of skeptical comments spread locally. Facing the incredible strange phenomenon, the military hospital reported the situation to the Hunan Provincial Museum, which opened the curtain of archaeological excavation of Mawangdui Han Tomb. In order to uncover the mystery of the ancient tomb, archaeologists have done a lot of complicated preparations.
1at the beginning of 972, archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences and Hunan Museum began to excavate the eastern mound. When people insisted on heavy work with great expectation, a bad news came: a round stolen hole was found! Stealing the hole into the bottom of the tomb, has been following the archaeological team, endless. All the way down 17 meters, the stolen hole finally disappeared. Archaeologists found a coin of the Tang Dynasty in the stolen cave, from which they learned that the grave robbers came from the Tang Dynasty. Later, archaeologists discovered two stolen caves, including a pair of pull-back shoes. Fortunately, the hole stealing didn't stop until the end. It can be seen that deep burial is one of the most important reasons for Mawangdui Han Tomb to avoid grave robbers. There has always been a legend that Mawangdui is a suspected tomb in Changsha, and Hunan Tongzhi also clearly records that "Mawangdui was built in Wuli, southeast of the county seat, and Ma Yin, the king of Chu, is said to have 3,367 tombs". These grave robbers dug so deep that they didn't see any trace of the tomb. They thought it was a suspected tomb set by the ancients and gave up! Mawangdui Han Tomb can be well presented to the world.
Shortly after the stolen hole disappeared, people dug up a kind of sticky soil. Its common name is white paste mud. Then a worker shouted, "Come and see, everyone." . People ran over and saw a green leaf lying quietly in the white mushy mud. Are they leaves from more than 1000 years ago? Nobody believes it. It's incredible. It must have just fallen from the tree into the soil. Later, under the gaze of one or two hundred pairs of eyes, a worker shoveled the white gypsum mud into the dustpan with a shovel. After shoveling several shovels, when the workers shoveled the shovels down and pulled them up again, everyone was shocked. Only half of the leaves were lying on the white gypsum mud in the dustpan, and the other half was still in the soil just now. Everyone shouted excitedly: "Green".
This is amazing. Everyone has a hunch that this ancient tomb will bring you unprecedented great surprises. When cleaning up the white ash and charcoal in the tomb, a large bamboo mat was exposed. After the bamboo mat was opened, a huge coffin room was completely displayed in front of people. The whole tomb is made of heavy pine, 6.73 meters long, 4.9 meters wide and 2.8 meters high. Four partitions divide the tomb into four parts in the shape of a "well", with auspicious patterns painted inside and outside, supplemented by red paint as the inner black paint, and an inner coffin for placing the corpse in the middle. The coffin was wrapped in two thin silks, and there were many experienced old workers in the archaeological team. They were surprised to say that they had never seen such a well-preserved ancient tomb after digging all their lives.
The discovery of Mawangdui Han Tomb fully shows the wisdom of the ancient working people in China. It turns out that Mawangdui is very high in terrain. When the tomb was built, the lower part of the tomb pit was dug out on the mountain. The bottom of the tomb is 7.6 meters long and 6.7 meters wide, and there are two floors below. Cover the huge coffin chamber and the top of the four-story coffin with a top plate and two-story cover plates, then tamp the upper half of the tomb pit and the pyramid-shaped mound with a slab method, and fill the bottom of the tomb and around the coffin chamber with charcoal with a thickness of 0.4-0.5m and a total weight of about 5,000kg, which has the function of absorbing water and preventing moisture, so as to keep the tomb dry; White gypsum mud with a thickness of about 1.3 m is accumulated around the charcoal, which has strong viscosity and low permeability and plays a decisive role in the sealing of tombs. Then fill the soil layer by layer, tamp it, and pile it into a mound with a height of about 16 meters, so that the buried cabin forms a safe environment with constant temperature, humidity, hypoxia and sterility. It is precisely because of these operations that Mawangdui Han Tomb escaped the attack of grave robbers again and again in Changsha, and Mrs. Xin Zhui, her coffin and funerary objects were well preserved. It adds many colors to our history and culture.
China has a continuous, unique and unique excellent culture in the world. We should have historical self-confidence, cultural self-confidence and even more national self-confidence. Now, let's start from ourselves and carry forward the splendid and long-standing culture of the Chinese nation and pass it on from generation to generation!
"broaden your horizons and make appointments, accumulate a lot but make little progress." I am a cultural media person who broadens my horizons. Let's protect history and Chinese civilization together.
The preservation environment of Mawangdui Han Tomb is extremely bad. When the grave robber opened the grave, he found that there was not enough oxygen, so he gave up. Then there was a lot of water in the project, and almost all the cultural relics were preserved in water, so they were not stolen. The important reason is that there is water.
It has escaped for thousands of years, but it can't escape from modern times.