Wang Xitong (1865- 1938), whose real name is Regret Zhai. Wei Hui, a native of Chengguan, Henan Province, was a famous patriotic industrialist in the modern history of China. Before Xuantongyuan, he was mainly engaged in education in Henan, and also participated in local politics. Since then, at the invitation of Yuan Shikai, he worked with Zhou, the largest industrialist in the north, in Beijing and Tianjin, and successively served as assistant to the director of the water supply company, director of Weihui (Huaxin) yarn factory and director of the cotton industry association. 19 15 was a member of the Senate of the Republic of China. 1938 died of illness. The book Zhai Yi Zishui has historical value.
Chinese name: Wang Xitong
Mbth: Wang Xitong
Alias: China "Cement King" and "Lime King"
Nationality: China.
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of birth: Weihui, Henan
Date of birth: 1865
Date of death: 1938
Occupation: entrepreneur, patriotic industrialist
Main achievements: resisting foreign capitalist economic plunder
Representative works: Qing Jian (pre-edited), Zhai Yi's Poems, Zhai Yi's Self-report, etc.
outline
Wang Xitong has been diligent and studious since childhood. He studied salt industry when he was young. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, he won the first place in the county exam, followed by the second place in the government exam and the third place in the college exam. 65,438+0887 was admitted to Kaifeng Daliang College. In his youth, he gave lectures at Weihui Jingsheng Bookstore and Yuzhou Sanfeng Industrial School. Before Xuantong Yuannian (1909), he was mainly engaged in education in Henan, and co-founded Confucian Classics Bookstore with Li Minxiu. In the meantime, he also participated in local politics. He once presided over Yuzhou Sanfeng Coal Mine Company and participated in the establishment of Luotong Railway, Henan Iron Mine and other industries.
In Xuantongyuan, Henan people were promoted as one of the "Four Representatives" and went to Beijing to negotiate with British wealth companies. Since then, at the invitation of Yuan Shikai, he cooperated with Zhou, the largest industrialist in the north, to run Beijing-Tianjin industry and served as Yuan Shikai's personal assistant.
Wang successively served as assistant director of water supply company, Tianjin Qixin Lime Company, Tianjin Huaxin Textile Company, director of Tangshan Spinning Factory of Huaxin Company, director of Weihui Yarn Factory, director of cotton industry association and director of Xinghua Capital Group. 19 15 was a member of the Senate of the Republic of China. Until 1938 died, he had been engaged in industrial and commercial activities in Beijing, Tianjin and Henan. His works include Qingjian (I), Poems of Zhai Yi, Zhai Yi's Self-report, etc.
He is a famous scholar, poet and educator.
Digital chronology
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism stepped up its economic aggression and plundered mineral resources by setting up factories, mining mines and building railways in China. Wang xitong is both sad and angry. He denounced Li Hongzhang's traitorous behavior, and shouted to the students, "My monarch can be bullied, but my people can't be bullied", demanding that everyone be determined to save the country. Students are often moved by his enthusiasm for saving the country. 1905 was hired by Yuzhou to participate in the management of Sanfeng Mining Company, thus embarking on the road of saving the country through industry and being known as the "king of cement".
1906, China built the Luotong Railway, and foreigners scrambled to intervene, but Wang Xitong advocated self-management in order to give China people a chance. He actively persuaded the public to raise funds and buy machines, which overcame many difficulties. Finally, the Luotong Railway was completed and opened to traffic as soon as possible, which showed his enthusiasm and talent for saving the country for the first time.
1908, Yuan Shikai was forced by Regent Zai Feng to retreat to Wei Hui for seclusion. During this period, Yuan made a comeback. In addition to the military, actively seek industrial talents. In the name of inviting Wang Xitong to lecture on the history of Confucian classics, he said to Wang Xitong, "No official, no career." Under the recommendation of Yuan Shikai, Wang Xitong joined the largest Zhou Capital Group in China at that time and became one of the core figures of the board of directors, including Zhou, Sun Duosen (then the president of China Bank), Yuan Shikai and others. During his two terms as chief financial officer of Beiyang government, Wang Xitong served as prime minister of Beiping Water Supply Company, general agent of Tianjin Qixin Lime Company, director of Hengfeng Company, director of Xinghua Capital Group, director of Luanzhou Mining Company, chairman of Nanyang Railway Maintenance Association, director of Huaxin Textile Company and vice president of China Industrialists Association.
Zhou Capital Group has three key enterprises, namely Qixin Lime Company, Luanzhou Mining Company and Huaxin Textile Company. Cement industry was an important national industry at that time. At that time, there were only Tianjin Qixin Lime Company and Hubei Cement Plant in China. Hubei factory is an old factory built in 1907, which once controlled the cement market in southeast provinces. Due to poor management, after 1909, I borrowed 722,000 yuan from Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan for three years, which was in danger of being eaten by Japanese businessmen. In order to prevent Hubei factory from falling into the hands of foreigners, Wang Xitong entrusted Hubei factory in the name of "Huafeng Industrial Society" on 19 14, and Qixin Company lent silver1400,000 yuan. In addition to paying off debts, Yu Yin was also used as working capital and renamed as "Ji Hua Hubei Cement Company". Since then, the products of these two cement companies have occupied more than 90% of the domestic cement market and occupied a monopoly position.
After 1924, foreign cement production increased sharply, and Shanghai Huashang Cement Company was unable to compete with foreign capital. On behalf of Qixin Cement Company, Wang Xitong signed an agreement with Shanghai Huashang Cement Company to take unified action to control the China cement market again. Therefore, Wang Xitong is known as "the cement king of China".
19 16, Huaxin textile company in preparation is in a difficult situation due to political changes. Wang Xitong stepped forward to turn the tide and set up Huaxin Textile Company. The establishment of the company is a symbol of the development of the northern textile industry. Since then, the company has set up factories in Tianjin and Qingdao. At this time, Wang Xitong intends to set up a factory in the north to benefit his hometown in the way of "work for relief".
1965438+In June 2009, Wang Xitong took the opportunity of visiting relatives in his hometown to lobby the local government to set up a factory in Weihui. In August of that year, at the suggestion of Wang Xitong, the board of directors of Tianjin Huaxin Textile Co., Ltd. was convened and it was decided to set up yarn mills in Tangshan and Weihui. The two factories each set a share amount of 800 thousand, and the shares were collected on the spot, and more than half of them were fixed. Tangshan factory is close to Tianjin, and it is easy to receive shares. Wei Hui is far from Tianjin, so it is not easy. In order to revitalize the hometown industry, Wang Xitong generously admitted 2000 shares (65.438+10,000 yuan). He didn't have much money around at that time, but in order to win opportunities for his hometown, he ignored the risks. 192 1 year, weihui Huaxin cotton mill was finally built. Since then, it has made indelible contributions to the economic development of Weihui, Xinxiang and even the whole country.
The life of the character
Affinity politics
Although Wang Xitong didn't get an official position in the entrance examination, he got a false name of "Zhili ~ Judge", and the official department sent him a certificate of commendation, which cost him four taels of silver. At that time, it was time for reform and political reform. Wang Xitong passed through many huge ports and traveled around the world, greatly increasing his knowledge.
Wang Xitong has been a tutor for 8 years, 1892- 1897, 1899-900, 1900. At the beginning of 2000, he started teaching as usual and set up Purdue Temple. Among the students, several freshmen came here with admiration. In July of the lunar calendar, due to the Boxer Rebellion, Wang Xitong bid farewell to the private school at the invitation of Hebei Daocen, and went to Wuzhi to discuss group defense with Li Minxiu. Wang Xitong worked very hard in Hebei. In his diary, he said, "I'm from Gong's family, and we are like fish and water, and our friendship is like Kundi. Of course, I know everything and can't say anything. Anyone who dares to raise money from the prevention and control bureau will participate. "
As a result, Wang Xitong became attached to officials and politics and bid farewell to his teaching career. After the Boxer Rebellion subsided, Cen observed that Wang Xitong was hired as the teaching assistant of Wuzhi Zhiyong Jingshe, and Wang stayed in Hebei, changing from a rural teacher to an academy teacher. Wang Xitong, who got rid of his teacher status, continued to work hard in the education industry and gradually embarked on the road of establishing local new education, successfully transforming from a traditional scholar to a new intellectual. The main experience of Wang Xitong's transformation is: 1902, and he was employed by the head of Jingshe Mountain in Brexi, Yuxian to give lectures. While teaching the basic Confucian classics, he also taught some modern industrial knowledge such as industry, mining and textile industry. 1905 After Juzi's identity was lifted, he kept pace with the times and returned to Jixian County. With the courage of pioneering spirit, he and Li Minxiu presided over the entrance examination for Shangli Primary School, which was the beginning of the establishment of a new industrial school in Wei Hui.
Later, Wei Huifu and Jixian authorities invited Wang Xitong to participate in any new school. In addition to building many new schools in his hometown, Wang Xitong also turned his former private school into a girls' school and enrolled dozens of girls in the school, which was supervised by his wife. He said that he ruined his family and promoted his study: I have more right to build a school in my hometown than Li Minxiu. However, people in the city are ignorant and difficult to understand. And after the boxing chaos, the church established its own hometown, and people regarded the church and the school as one word. Therefore, learning is foreign learning, and schools are foreign religions. Yu He is in charge of the villagers, and they are chess pieces. One day, hundreds of hooligans gathered and made a noise at the door. Fortunately, the neighbors helped, some rushed to sue, some related to the door, and some stopped the fight. I didn't succeed at home I was angry with Li Minxiu's family and ravaged it.
When I got home and received an urgent telegram, my mother was very calm and said, "There is no slow tone in the pace, so it is natural to learn." I was deeply impressed by my mother's wishes, but I took the blame myself and thanked the country for its loss of virtue. In this storm, everyone thought that people who were going to jail would kowtow and confess. Wang Xitong's children also joined his ranks, no longer following the traditional life style of literati, but receiving new education and engaging in new careers. 1905, the eldest son Wang went to Baoding Normal School to study, and the second son Wang Zelian was admitted as an official student studying in Japan. His younger brother, Wang Xiling, is the principal of Jixian government high school and also teaches science. Because Wang Xitong founded an industrial school, he gradually entered the industrial circle. 1906, was hired by Cao Guangquan, the magistrate of Yuzhou, to give a lecture at Sanfeng Industrial School in Yuzhou, and served as the manager of Sanfeng Coal Mine Company in Yuzhou. 1909 At the invitation of Yuan Shikai, Wang Xitong served as Yuan's aide, officially bid farewell to education and became a middleman between officialdom and industry.
Know Yuan.
Wang Xitong (word Xiaoting, 1866 ~ 1938, from Jixian County, Weihui County) managed Sanfeng Coal Mine in Yuxian County, and made great achievements. He was elected as a local leader in the campaign against Fufu Company. 1906, Wang Xitong called local elites to discuss the establishment of a mining research society in Kaifeng, and negotiated with Fu Company on the case of mining rights in northern Henan. 1909, the mine case negotiations moved to Beijing, and Wang Xitong was selected as one of the four representatives who went to Beijing to participate in the negotiations. 1908, Wang Xitong recorded that he had met Yuan Shikai's eldest son Yuan.
China is poor and weak. Due to the industrial depression and inconvenient transportation, he and Wang Junqing and Jin Junfa will set up a company to revitalize the coal industry. Re-establish a railway research association with comrades in the province to plan the road administration in Henan Province and save rights and interests. Management of hundreds of people, single Liu Youcheng fruit as prime minister, Yuan Shenyi as Ding Ke, Wang Guanzu as assistant. Money is tight for meeting and getting together. Some people think that Henan is revitalized and Mr. Wang is solid and powerful.
Wang Xitong also resigned from Sanfeng Coal Mine after the establishment of the Railway Research Association, participated in fund-raising activities to persuade stocks to build railways, and served as general assistant in the railway company. And Yolanda is the assistant manager of the company, so they should know each other.
At the end of 1908, Wang Xitong met Yuan Shikai because he was dismissed. At first, Yuan Shikai bought a house in Xiguan, Ji County, Wang Xitong's hometown, and lived here after he was dismissed from office. Wang Xiaoting, a good friend of Wang Xitong, wrote to tell him that he and Li Minxiu should go to an audience, and asked them to unite with the gentry in Jixian County to protect Yuan Shikai so as not to disturb boring politicians and newspaper reporters. What was Yuan Shikai's impression among the gentry in Henan at this time?
Yuan Gong Pacific Insurance is the most suitable person for us to clean up China. When it was in power, it was vigorous, and it was inconvenient for us to rush to it, which led to the suspicion of attachment. Today, I went home with my wings hanging down, worried and sneering. The inner door was comfortable, even the friendship between the neighbors should be respected by the landlord. What about the people I admire on weekdays?
To this end, Wang Xitong visited Helanfen and asked him to be an introducer. He Lanfen is also a native of Ji 'an County and an old family member of Yuan Shikai. He is a member of the newly established Army Repayment Committee and bought this apartment for Yuan Shikai in Mashi Street, Ji 'an County. Wang Xitong and Li Minxiu met Yuan Shikai in Xuan Tong on the fourth day of the first month. The two sides agreed not to talk about state affairs, but when talking about industry, Wang Xitong introduced the situation of Sanfeng Coal Mine, which was praised by Yuan Shikai. In addition, it is the Spring Festival, and the atmosphere of the conversation is very warm.
Yuan Gongfang is 5 1 year-old, with white hair and beard, and looks like a man in his sixties and seventies. He knows that he is very worried about his country. But his eyes are bright and he shoots people naked, so he can't hide his heroism.
Soon, Wang Xiaoting (Wang Zutong 1889- 1920, a native of Jinshi) was released to the magistrate of Raozhou, Jiangxi Province, and went to visit Yuan Shikai in Jixian County. Yuan Shiyan said, "Officials can't do it, but businesses can't do it." He asked Wang Xiaoting fellow villagers who had the knowledge to run businesses. Wang Xiaoting recommended Wang Xitong. Yuan Shikai said: "I know more than _ _, I am a great talent. I am afraid that if I don't help my ears at first, please recruit me. "
So Wang Xiaoting rushed to Kaifeng to meet with Wang Xitong. Wang Xitong knew that Wang Xitong had arrived in Beijing to participate in the negotiations on the mine case in northern Henan, so he had to use letters to persuade him. Wang Xitong is also quite contradictory at this moment:
Yus's mining and railway are industrial things. He has jumped into them for several years. He is no longer a Confucian teacher. Only Yuan Gong's innovations, such as Shi Jing Water Supply Company, Tangshan Lime Company and Luanzhou Mining Company, all adopt new methods on a large scale, and the rest of the experience is not irrelevant. Because of this, business friends hesitated, but Ge Desan agreed with Yu, Du expressed doubts and Hu refused to add.
It can be seen that Wang Xitong had a psychological identity with the industry at this time, but he was afraid that he could not cope with Yuan Shikai's industry. So he went home and asked his mother. Unexpectedly, her mother is much more determined than him:
Yuan Gong is a hero in the world, and you worship him on weekdays. Now that you have seen this move, why not go? And although Beijing and Tianjin are far away, they are closer than Yuzhou, and the train can arrive in one day. When I think about when I can go home, I can call you when I think about my son. Why not?
Join this industry
Wang Xitong went to Sanfeng Coal Mine in Yuzhou. Although he refused to go for a hundred times, he even flew into a rage at Li Minxiu's suggestion that he abandon Confucianism and go to sea. In fact, over the years, he has been extremely tired of the imperial examination and official career, and his friends who are Beijing officials have returned to China one after another, which has given him a deeper understanding of the changes in Beijing officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty and the difficulties of the survival of grassroots Beijing officials. Li Minxiu is one of them. Another good friend, Wang Jingbo of Xinxiang, was also "living among beggars every year" when he was editing the Hanlin Academy, so he had to go back to his hometown to run a school.
Wang Xitong is famous in his hometown, because he founded the classic bookstore with his friends. So Cao Guangquan, the founder of Sanfeng Coal Mine, asked Wang Xitong to manage the coal mine. At that time, the Jinghan Railway had been opened, and Governor Chen requested that Zhengzhou be turned into a commercial port and Zhili Prefecture be established to encourage the development of local commerce and trade. When Wang Xitong passed by Zhengzhou, he found that there were many businessmen coming and going to Zhengzhou, but "people here turned a deaf ear to this", so he was deeply impressed by the seclusion atmosphere in this province.
Wang Xitong managed Sanfeng Coal Mine very well. By introducing modern machines, he changed local mining and turned losses into profits. According to historical records, Sanfeng Coal Mine is the earliest modern enterprise in Henan, precisely because it first tried to replace manual coal mining with machines.
Yingfu Company is the first foreign coal enterprise in Henan. Fortunately for Wang Xitong, the rich company invested in northern Henan, so it did not become a competitor of Sanfeng Coal Mine.
The direct competitor of the rich company is Huaiqing Ren Jinfahui. In his early years, Blonde Hui was also keen on becoming famous. Because of repeated failures in the imperial examination, he turned to "one country's culture and education, industry as the mainstay, supplemented by literature." My hometown is rich in natural resources, but I don't know how to collect them. I wrote for a long time and hunted for a false name, thinking that my ancestors were glorious, not my ambition. " So I gave up what I had learned and devoted myself to mining.
Jin's coal mine is just one of many earth kilns or old coal mines in northern Henan. The entry of rich companies is a devastating threat to these earth kilns. However, at that time, the operation of the coal mine was in good condition, and the rich company invested a lot of money, but there was no gain. "An outsider is a sage (refers to gold), fighting for your thoughts and paying your daughter every month. Your words are vague, thinking that Chu was only used in the Jin Dynasty and that it is not the duty of the people to serve others at the expense of the interests and rights of the country. This is wrong. " Because of this, officials in central Henan are well-known and have high moral character.
Jin Fenghui died shortly after the Republic of China, and Wang Xitong later became the right-hand man of Yuan Shikai's industrial plan. Generally speaking, a group of intellectuals, such as He, Jin and so on, have completed their personal modernization transformation and made great achievements in industry and new education.
Oppose autocracy
Wang Xitong opposed feudal autocracy and sympathized with the revolution. Yuan Shikai asked him to be the governor of Henan, but he refused. Seeing Yuan Shikai's restoration of monarchy, he was deeply angry and helpless, so he had to lead an honest and clean life and join the industry. He said to his friend, "I would rather die in a businessman's house than lose my reputation." He is a typical scholar-type industrialist and a veritable Confucian businessman. After 1925, Wang Xitong resigned from all positions in the industrial circle and settled in Tianjin. He devoted himself to studying Chinese and foreign history books and wrote more than 20 million words of literature and history works, leaving precious spiritual wealth for future generations.
Personal work
book
Zhai Yi's self-report Wang Xitong, Kaifeng: Henan University Press 200 1.
Self-report on Fasting: Seven Kinds/edited by Wang Xitong, during the Republic of China.
A mirror of the Qing dynasty: four volumes/with Wang xitong in the Republic of China
Secretary Zhai reading: three volumes are being compiled, and three volumes are attached/with Wang Xitong, during the Republic of China.
Collection of Fasting: Six Volumes/Written by Wang Xitong in the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939)
Ramadan Poems: Four Volumes/by Wang Xitong, during the Republic of China.
Collection of Zhai Yi's Poems/Written by Wang Xitong in the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939)
thesis
Shi Jing Water Supply Company in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China
Social assessment
Wang Xitong is a famous patriotic industrialist in the modern history of China.
1905 was hired by Yuzhou to participate in the management of Sanfeng Mining Company, thus embarking on the road of saving the country through industry and being known as the "king of cement".
1906, China built the Luotong Railway, and foreigners scrambled to intervene, but Wang Xitong advocated self-management in order to give China people a chance. He actively persuaded the public to raise funds and buy machines, which overcame many difficulties. Finally, the Luotong Railway was completed and opened to traffic as soon as possible, which showed his enthusiasm and talent for saving the country for the first time.
1908, Yuan Shikai was forced by Regent Zai Feng to retreat to Wei Hui for seclusion. During this period, Yuan made a comeback. In addition to the military, actively seek industrial talents. In the name of inviting Wang Xitong to lecture on the history of Confucian classics, he said to Wang Xitong, "No official, no career." Under the recommendation of Yuan Shikai, Wang Xitong entered the largest Zhou Capital Group in China at that time and became one of the core figures of the board of directors composed of five families: Zhou, Sun Duosen (then the president of Bank of China) and Yuan Shikai. During his two terms as chief financial officer of Beiyang government, Wang Xitong served as prime minister of Beiping Water Supply Company, general agent of Tianjin Qixin Lime Company, director of Hengfeng Company, director of Xinghua Capital Group, director of Luanzhou Mining Company, chairman of Nanyang Railway Maintenance Association, director of Huaxin Textile Company and vice president of China Industrialists Association.
Uprising scene
Chenghuang Temple, the site of Wang Xitong's uprising, is located in the east of Ninghai County. The building is divided into four entrances: the Wufeng Tower in front, the front hall in the back, the wings on both sides, the stage in front and the main hall in the back; Finally, the harem. Except for the front of the main hall, which was added later, most of them were buildings of that year.
Wangxitong tomb
The cemetery is located in the southeast of the reclining Buddha Temple and in Gao Shuang. It is surrounded by walls, 200 meters long from north to south and 80 meters wide from east to west. It covers a large area with towering old trees and is empty and quiet. The husband and wife buried the grave at the north end of the garden. The tomb base is made of white stone. The tomb cover is 1 meter high, 4 meters long and 2.5 meters wide, and is surrounded by stone fences. Under the south stone steps of the tomb base, there is an inscription on the tombstone of Wang Xitong and Mrs. Wang on the left, and there is a cement altar between the two monuments.
There is a tall cement archway in the south of the cemetery, with a height of 4m and a width of12m. There is a banner on the south side, which is engraved with the words "The world is clear". The northern flag is engraved with "the mountains are high and the water is long".
After renovation, Wang Xitong Cemetery has been opened to tourists.