? Xuan paper? Its main component is cellulose, which contains C, H and O elements and can be hydrolyzed into glucose, belonging to polysaccharide.
Xuan paper originated in Jingxian county, Anhui province (originally belonging to Ningguo government, paper was produced by the government in the name of governing Xuancheng, so it was called? Xuan paper? ), now mainly produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province. This paper was used for writing and painting in ancient China.
During the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, were there any tributes delivered to Chang 'an, the capital of China, in Xuancheng County? Paper and pen? Such as tribute, indicating that Xuancheng county had produced paper and pens at that time. Xuan paper is a unique handicraft in China, which has the characteristics of soft and tough texture, smooth as jade, non-decaying, ever-changing Mo Yun and so on. Millennium paper? Known as. National treasure? .
In August, 2002, Xuan Paper was awarded the title of National Geographical Indications Protection Product.
The history of Xuan paper:
There are records about Xuan paper in the Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties and the Book of New Tang Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, dynasties have followed. The origin of rice paper is Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In addition, Xuancheng, Taiping and other places near Jingxian County also produce this kind of paper.
In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry in Huizhou, Chizhou and Xuanzhou gradually moved to Jingxian County. At that time, these areas were under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhou government, so the paper produced here was called? Xuan paper? Some people call it honoring the virtuous paper. Because rice paper has the characteristics of easy storage, durability and colorfastness, there are? Paper lives for a thousand years? Fame. According to folklore, after Cai Lun's death in the first year of Jianguang (12 1), disciple Kong Dan made paper in southern Anhui, and wanted to make a picture of the teacher with a blank sheet of paper to show his memory. Later, by a canyon stream, I occasionally saw an old sandalwood lying across the stream. Because it was washed away by running water all the year round, the bark rotted and turned white, revealing long white fibers. Kong Dan was ecstatic and took it to make paper. After repeated experiments, it finally succeeded. This is the later rice paper.
According to the preface of "Little Cao Lin's Genealogy" rebuilt in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty:? At the end of the Song Dynasty, there was constant war and panic. Cao Sun, the younger generation of Duke VIII of Cao Shizhong, moved from Qiuchuan to Xiaoling and was divided into thirteen schools. This is a mountainous area, and the fields are scarce, so it is impossible to cultivate. Because of Cai Lun's skill, he lives by it? . Cao Dasan inherited the paper-making technology of predecessors, improved it step by step through practice, and finally made good white and pure paper. Because the distribution center of paper is mostly in Xuancheng, which is under the jurisdiction of the state, it is named Xuan paper.
The popularity of Xuan paper began in the Tang Dynasty. The famous paintings of past dynasties written by Zhang Yanyuan, a critic of calligraphy and painting in the Tang Dynasty, said: Good people should buy a hundred pieces of rice paper and wax it to copy. ? This shows that Xuan paper has been used in calligraphy and painting in the Tang Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book, in the second year of Tianbao (743), there were paper tributes in Jiangxi, Sichuan, southern Anhui and eastern Zhejiang, especially in Xuancheng County. It can be seen that rice paper had been crowned everywhere at that time. Li Yu, Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty, personally supervised the production? Integrity hall? Paper in rice paper is a treasure, isn't it? The skin is like an egg membrane, firm and clean as jade, thin and smooth, and crowned for a while? .
What's in rice paper? Tough and moist, smooth but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing, strong ink wetting? And has unique permeability and lubrication performance. Writing has both backbone and boldness of vision, and it is the best calligraphy and painting paper that reflects China's artistic style. Ink is divided into five colors. That is, it is completed in one stroke, with shades, visible texture, clear Mo Yun and distinct layers. This is an artistic effect achieved by painters and painters who control the ink proportion by using the ink wetting property of Xuan paper. Plus anti-aging and no discoloration. Worms eat less and live longer, so there are? King of paper, Millennium paper? The reputation of. /kloc-won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in the 20th century. Besides painting poems, Xuan paper is also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving high-level archives and historical materials. China handed down a large number of rare ancient books and the ink of famous painters and calligraphers, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and still remain the same today.
Types of rice paper
There are many names of all kinds of rice paper on the market, which sometimes make people see things in a blur, especially novices. In fact, it is not complicated to sum up, and it is clear at a glance.
According to the classification of processing methods, it can be generally divided into three types: raw food propaganda, cooked propaganda and semi-cooked propaganda.
Health categories include Jiagong, Jade Edition, Jiege, Shan Cuo, Lian Mian and so on. Shengxuan is unprocessed, with strong water absorption and clear water, which is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. If you splash ink and accumulate ink, you can get faint ink prints and rich artistic effects. Commonly used in freehand brushwork and cursive writing. Although Sheng Xuan's paintings are full of interest in ink, they are written immediately, and ink permeates quickly, which is not easy to master. Especially when writing with light ink, the ink is easy to penetrate and melt. It is relatively easy to write in thick ink. Therefore, when creating calligraphy and painting, we must master the shade of pen and ink and the speed of writing in order to be handy.
Cooked promotional materials are coated with glue and alum. We often combine them? Glue alum? With alum, ink will remain on the paper, losing the water absorption and hydrophilicity of raw materials. The function of glue is to fix alum on rice paper. Because of alum, paper is harder than paper and its water absorption capacity is weak, so the ink color will not spread. Therefore, it is suitable for meticulous painting or fine print writing, but not for ink painting. Its disadvantage is that it will appear for a long time? Leaking alum? Or fragile. Cooked Xuan can be reprocessed. Coral, mica paper, cold gold, wine gold and waxy golden flower tendons are all cooked Xuan reprocessed colored paper.
It is not appropriate to use regular script for publicity. High-grade pastel, pastel and wax are all good choices.
? Xuan paper? Its main component is cellulose, which contains C, H and O elements and can be hydrolyzed into glucose, belonging to polysaccharide.
There are mainly the following kinds of cooked publicity on the market now:
Cicada is very thin and covered with fine mica;
Boil mica with pure skin and sprinkle with mica;
Cooked propaganda is sprinkled with mica with thicker ice and snow;
Clear water has no mature propaganda of mica.
Semi-cooked Xuan is also processed from raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is between the first two, such as boiled Xuan and jade version Xuan. In addition, the honeysuckle propaganda made by the vigorous propaganda is also half-baked. Because gold and silver particles need to stick to rice paper, this layer of glue also destroys the water absorption of raw rice paper to varying degrees, making it semi-cooked.
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Xuan paper can be divided into three categories according to the proportion of materials: cotton, leather and cotton. There are single publicity, double publicity, two floors and three floors, and the specifications are 4 feet, 6 feet, 8 feet, 2 feet, 4 feet and 8 feet. Generally speaking, cotton material refers to the paper with raw material sandalwood bark accounting for about 40%, which is thinner and lighter; Peeling means that the content of sandalwood bark reaches more than 60%; The content of sandalwood skin, the raw material of special leather, is above 80%. The heavier the leather composition, the greater the tension that the paper can bear and the better the quality; The corresponding use effect is: the higher the proportion of sandalwood, the richer the ink layers, the better the ink moistening effect, and the more able to withstand repeated rubbing with pen power without damaging the paper surface. If you write calligraphy, you can generally use cotton. It's not that calligraphy can't be clean, it's extra clean. It's just that calligraphy doesn't need rich ink and wash effects and strong tension, cotton is enough. Understand the category of rice paper, and you can choose according to your own needs.
The main raw materials for papermaking are mostly plant fibers, mainly bamboo and wood. The fiber of wood is elastic, which makes the paper have strong ink absorption. Bamboo fiber is brittle and hard, and the paper made of it has weak ink absorption, so it can be divided into two categories:
Weak blotting paper: made of bamboo fiber, the paper is smooth, the ink floats on the surface, and it is not easy to open slowly, so the color is bright. Mainly paper, such as Tang paper, clay paper and today's foreign paper also belong to this category.
Integrity paper: a famous paper used by Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty, which is as famous as Tingguimo. It is characterized by smoothness and compactness, and is known as "as slippery as spring ice and as dense as a seal". It is the top grade of weak blotting paper, which is almost called jade water paper, and the inferior one is called cold jade. "Light and crisp" is its characteristic.
Shu Gui: According to legend, the ancient papermaking method of Cai Lun was spread in West Shu, and the Shu Gui produced by it was quite famous since the Tang Dynasty, such as Xue Taogui and Xie Gonggui. It is said that its water quality is pure, so its paper is great. "Thank the official document" is named after the teacher's creativity, because it has ten colors, also known as ten-color text. "Xue Taogui" is named after pottery, but this kind of colored paper is made according to the ancient method, which is easy to dye and cannot be circulated for a long time. Just for fun.
Tibetan scripture paper: Tibetan scripture paper is a paper used by Buddhist temples to write or print Buddhist scriptures, also known as Jin Sugui, which is available in yellow and white.
Clay gold and wax jars commonly used in Ming and Qing dynasties are rare today, and cold light jars are rare even if they have the lowest appearance. Bird paper made in Japan is widely used now, but it is expensive, not durable and really not practical.
Strong blotting paper: mostly wood fiber, with strong ink absorption and rough surface. When ink falls off the paper, it is easy to disperse, and writing is often done with paste or wax. The paper is bright and delicate, mainly Xuan paper. Although it appeared late, it has replaced paper and become the most valuable writing paper.
Xuan Paper and Imitation Xuan: The most valuable writing paper today is Yupan Xuan. Lime for yubanxuan, mulberry, short wood, straw and sandalwood skin has the strongest ink absorption and the best texture. Xuan paper is named after Xuancheng, Anhui Province, but Xuancheng itself does not produce paper, and the surrounding local paper is declared as scattered land.
Let's continue to talk about the precious jade plate announcement. This kind of paper can't be used by everyone, because it has strong ink absorption, so it is hard for people who use it slowly: as long as they stop writing, the ink will seep out and form a big ink ball! However, some people use its characteristics to write distinctive characters, such as Bao's light ink book and Qi Baishi's freehand brushwork.
Because rice paper is too ink-absorbing and difficult to write, some people have improved it: either calendering, adding glue alum or adding pulp. After improvement, the ink absorption of rice paper is slightly reduced, making it easier to write.
Wool paper, Yuan Shu paper and cotton paper: Xuan paper is expensive and is often used when learning Chinese characters. This kind of paper was originally used to print books, but because of its good paper quality, some people bought books and cut them out to practice writing, so it is called "pleated paper". The raw material of this paper is mainly bamboo, which is yellow in color and excellent in texture, which is very different from the machine-made selvage paper used by primary and secondary school students now. Yuanshu paper is similar to fringed paper, but it is unknown today. The cotton paper produced in this province can also be regarded as this kind, with good texture, toughness and low price, which can be used as calligraphy.
Before using rice paper, you should know the performance of the rice paper used. If the paper is good and thick, ink should be mixed with water before use; If the paper is thin, the ink can use little or no water. You can also dip some ink in the corner of used rice paper with a brush to see the speed and size range of ink. If the ink soaks quickly and has a wide range, it means that the paper is thin, the ink is thicker and the writing speed is faster. If the inking speed is slow and the range is small, it means that the paper is thick, and the ink can be diluted appropriately, which slows down the writing speed. Some rice paper is poor in paper quality, and the ink will turn gray, so it is necessary to write in thick ink, otherwise the words will lack spirit.
Matters needing attention in the use of rice paper
Yi Ping: When writing, you must lay it flat to facilitate writing; If the paper is wrinkled, it will be difficult to write. It's just that when people write ancient seals, they deliberately wrinkle the paper in order to make it mottled and old.
Cleanliness: Dirty paper will affect the appearance and ink color, and dust will also affect the pen. If mixed with ink, the ink is neither strong nor bright. Although this is only a small matter, it is also very important!
Teacher: Calligraphy, calligraphy and writing are the most important, so "calligraphy" and "fa" are also called, especially shelves and rules. The layout rules are divided into vertical rows and horizontal rows, while the vertical frame has Jiugong, Tian Zi and Mizi styles. There are also differences between light and dark lines, all cursive scripts are like this, especially regular scripts; It is said that people in the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to "Fa" and were meticulous. Look at the remaining famous laws. Their laws are stricter than ever before. So there is a saying that Jiugong was founded in the Tang Dynasty.
The division also depends on the style of the script. Regular script and seal script with the strictest statutes should be neat in both vertical and horizontal directions, and grades can be drawn. However, cursive script can only go straight and should not be added, so as not to bind hands and feet and not to stand upright. Open lines should be thin, so as not to hinder the appreciation of courage, and dark lines should be light, so as not to smear or damage the paper. If origami is easy to wrinkle and fold, which hinders the transportation of pens, it must also be avoided.
Fixed: When writing, the paper needs to be fixed. If the paper moves with the pen, the words can't be answered casually. Methods In addition to pressing the paper with the left hand, you can also press the paper in a proper position with a press.
Pad absorbent cloth: When writing with a pen full of thick ink, press it hard on the back of the paper, and the ink will seep out of the paper, which will not only dirty the desktop, but also dirty the strokes and destroy the picture. Therefore, absorbent paper or cloth should be padded under the paper to absorb the oozing ink and keep the picture clean.
When the paper is dry, take the paper as an example: Everyone knows what happens when the ink is not dry! A good word is an inexplicable "mirror image", which sometimes makes people laugh and cry. Also, don't be smart enough to "dry" your work or try to dry it with toilet paper, which will not only make the ink fall off easily, but also destroy the color of the ink. When cleaning, don't fold it at will, so as not to damage the paper and hinder viewing.
Hide in a dry and cool place: paper is easy to rot when it is wet, and it will break if it is too dry, so if you want your masterpiece to last forever, you should put it in a dry and cool place. Others, such as insects, should also pay attention.
The size of ordinary rice paper
When buying rice paper, it is generally named after the length of the paper. If the clerk will ask you: Buy raw or cooked publicity? You want to buy four feet? Six feet? Or three feet? ? At present, the most widely used Xuan paper is Si Chi Xuan (Health Xuan). A four-foot rice paper is also called a four-foot whole paper. Its length is 136 cm (about 4 feet), its width is 68 cm (about 2 feet), and its calculated area is about 4 feet? 2 feet =8 square feet. The industry calls it four-foot paper, and sometimes it is called eight-foot paper directly, so people who hear it are eager to insist that their paintings and things are all eight-foot paper. In fact, eight-foot paper is equivalent to four four-foot papers, and the price has to be doubled.
The price of traditional paintings and calligraphy works in China is often calculated by the area (i.e. square feet). For example, how much is a painter's work? Just ask what the working cost per square foot is.
The following are some commonly used rice paper sizes:
Unit: centimeter (centimeter)
Cutting methods and sizes of three-foot rice paper in common use;
Three feet fully open: 100 x 55
Three-foot bucket: 55 x 50 (some are called three-foot split, three-foot split)
Cutting method and size of four-foot rice paper in common use;
Four-legged fully open: 138 x 69 Four-legged couplet: 138 x 34 (also called four-legged split joint, four-legged split joint)
Four feet square: 69 x 68 (also called four feet square, four feet square and two feet square, because its length and width are both two feet)
Four-foot-three division: 69 x 46 (also known as four-foot-three division)
Four feet and four quarters: 69 x 34 (also known as four feet and four quarters)
Four feet six open: 46 x 34 (also called four feet six open)
Four feet and eight minutes: 35 x 34 (also called four feet and four feet square) (A four-foot piece of paper is divided into several pieces of paper with the same size, and the names are: two pieces are called four feet and one square is called four feet and square, and so on. )
Cutting method and size of six-foot rice paper in common use;
Six feet full open: 180 x 97 (also known as six feet full open)
Six feet three inches wide: 60 x 97
Six-foot couplets: 180 x 49
Six-foot barrel: 97 x 90 (also known as six-foot split)
Six feet four inches: 97 x 45
Six feet open six: 60 x 49
6 feet 8 inches: 45 x 49 inches
Eight feet fully open: 248 x 129
Eight-foot screen: 234 x 53
One foot and two feet: 367 x 144 (also called two feet)
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Special dimensions and specifications of rice paper:
Handscroll: a banner in calligraphy and Chinese painting, named after it can be held in the hand after reading. Also known as long scrolls, the longest is 100 meters, such as? Thousands of miles away? . Also known as horizontal scrolling. Short hand scrolls are generally 8 or 9 meters long, and the singing can reach more than 20 meters. The height of the hand roll is generally between 30 and 50 cm. Hand roll size: 0.35? 6 meters 0.35? 20 meters 0.35? 50 meters 0.53? 20 meters 0.53? The 40-meter hand roll can also be divided into raw and cooked propaganda.