In the north of Haidian Town, Haidian District, there is a garden site covering an area of about 5,300 mu. There are lush trees and abundant springs, which have the dual characteristics of Jiangnan and Northland scenery. This is the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, once known as the Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens.
(1) Brief Introduction of Garden History
1? Early scenic spots
The northwest suburb of Beijing has been a good place to attract tourists since ancient times because of its beautiful scenery and clear springs. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it has attracted the attention of Ji Cheng citizens and literati. During the Nanjing period of Liao Dynasty and the Zhongdu period of Jin Dynasty, royal and religious buildings such as palaces and monasteries began to be built here. It has gradually developed into a scenic spot in the suburbs of Ji Cheng. After the Yuan Dynasty, the palace buildings in ancient gardens were in ruins, but many pleasant places scattered with ponds and pastoral buildings were dubbed by poets as "You in a Single Ling". Since then, it has become a villa resort for later dignitaries. For example, the Tsinghua campus, in the area opposite the West Gate of Peking University (east of Kunming Lake), and the Tsinghua campus built by Li Wei in Wuqing, Ming Dynasty, are typical gardens.
2? The rise and fall of Yuanmingyuan
The Qing Dynasty made its capital in the Central Plains, built Beijing, followed the cities and palaces of the Ming Dynasty, and focused on developing the western suburbs. Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours, introduced the scenery and architectural style of the south of the Yangtze River to Beijing, and built Changchun Garden on the former site of Tsinghua campus in Li Wei. This garden is an alien detached palace, which was completed in the 29th year of Kangxi (1690). Near Changchun Garden, "Fuyuan" borders the suburbs. One of them was given to his fourth son Yong in the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709). NFDBE？ Wang's Yuanmingyuan, but the garden is much smaller than the later Yuanmingyuan. Will this garden open in the future? Quot scenic spot, covering an area of about 500 mu. After Yin Zhen ascended the pole, the Yuanmingyuan was expanded, and a temple was built in the south, called "Outer Court", and a large number of buildings behind it were called "Inner Court". After the expansion, it covers an area of about 3000 mu. Among them, the big water surface is Fuhai. Emperor Qianlong also visited the south of the Yangtze River six times, collecting the world's famous places, "moving the sky and shrinking the land" to decorate the garden, and spared no effort to expand and repair the Yuanmingyuan. At this time, the park has the name of "Forty Scenes". This has led to an unprecedented heyday. Nine years after Qianlong, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (later changed to Wanchun Garden) were built in the east and south of Yuanmingyuan. The three gardens are connected by doors, one integrated mass, and the plane layout is inverted. Yuanmingyuan is the floorboard of the three major gardens. During the Jiaqing period, the renovation of Yuanmingyuan was still going on. At this time, the total area of Yuanmingyuan has reached more than 5200 mu, and the artificial water surface accounts for more than half of the total area. There are more than 300 embankments in Fu Gang Island, with a building area of 1.5 million square meters and 6 scenic spots 1.6. The temples in the garden are not only beautifully decorated and well furnished, but also a comprehensive art treasure house with countless ancient books and arts and crafts. It is a pity that such a magnificent 150-year-old garden was built continuously and destroyed by the British and French Coalition forces. 1In September, 860, the allied forces occupied Dagukou and occupied Hexi affairs along the Baihe River, which shocked the capital. Emperor Xianfeng fled to Chengde on September 22nd, 10 10 on October 5th, and the allied forces occupied Haidian. On the evening of the 6th, the French army entered the Yuanmingyuan, and on the 7th, the British army also entered the park. First, looting and destruction began, and 17 began to burn. The evil flames of the allied forces burned to 19, and the flames of three days and three nights swallowed up the magnificent palaces and human civilization in Yuanmingyuan.
3? Yuanmingyuan robbery
The British and French allied forces wanted to raze the Yuanmingyuan to the ground, but after all, the area of the three gardens was too large for the evil clutches to cover for a while, so some scenic spots such as "Kulan Dagong" and "Pengdao Remote Taiwan" survived. Surviving at that time opened the door for future generations to steal. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1837), Cixi's attempt to restore Yuanmingyuan failed because of the huge loss of the park and the emptiness of the national treasury. Therefore, the reconstruction plan has to focus on Yuanming and Wanchun Garden first. Even so, due to the contradictions within the ruling class and the lack of building materials, it was forced to stop work. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing, and Cixi Guangxu fled to the west. The Eight Banners stationed in the northwest suburb colluded with the palace supervisor and the local ruffians, demolished and sold the buildings in the park and cut down trees, leaving no buildings in the park. In the early years of the Republic of China, warlords and bureaucrats were even more unscrupulous, excavating underground architectural relics on a large scale, not to mention the relics on the ground, such as huabiao, Shishi, stone carving and Taihu stone, which had already been sold elsewhere. This phenomenon lasted for decades and still existed on the eve of the founding of New China. Quot treasure digger. Because this phenomenon lasted for a long time, a special industry was formed at that time, and the site was regarded as a "treasure house".
4? Disposal of Yuanmingyuan Site
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), people paid more attention to the site of Yuanmingyuan, but there were different opinions on how to deal with it. In 1950s, a large area of greening work was carried out here, and some houses and roads were built one after another to facilitate the management of the site. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, residential areas have naturally formed in the ruins. Although the government has repeatedly refused to move into the park, natural reproduction is also an irresistible force. By the early 1980s, there were more than 3,000 farmers living in the park, some of whom were the fourth generation. A scholar said: "It is impossible to passively protect the site of Yuanmingyuan. Only through transformation and utilization can we actively protect it and truly protect it. After the mid-1980s, through the efforts of all parties, a new way to protect and build the site was found, that is, the government, the management office and nearby farmers cooperated to build the park, and the private office assisted and raised the park. So a new atmosphere appeared in the Yuanmingyuan site. By the early 1990s, it had become a large-scale "ruins park".
(2) Introduction of the site
1? Old Summer Palace
(1) "former dynasty" political activity area
10 1 To the west of middle school and to the north of Summer Palace Road, is the Grand Palace Gate of Yuanmingyuan. Inside the palace gate is a group of palace areas centered on "Zheng Da Guangming Hall", which forms a central axis around thousands of households, including "Jiuzhou Banquet" behind thousands of households and a group of "Diligence" in the east. NFDBE？ Fairy Hall, Baohe Hall and Auspicious Place; Fan Shuxin, Changchun Fairy Hall and Siyilou in the west. In this group of buildings, there are six central organs on both sides of the central axis to defend Yuanmingyuan, including the Cabinet and the Eight Banners Pavilion.
(2) Anyou Palace is dedicated to the portrait of the Qing emperor.
In the northwest corner of Yuanmingyuan, there is a group of special palace areas, which are majestic and solemn. This is the Anyou Palace dedicated to the statue of the Qing emperor. This group of palaces was built in Qianlong for five years (1740) and completed two years later. There are nine pagodas in the main hall, five pagodas in the left and right, five pagodas in the palace gate, two pairs of China watches (now one in Peking University and one in Beijing Library) and three archways, which are very spectacular.
(3) Wanfang Anhe
This is a group of buildings with strange architectural forms. Located in the west of Houhu Lake and northwest of Xinghuachun Pavilion, the plane layout is "?" 33-shaped, can meet the requirements of warm in winter and cool in summer. This form belongs to the type of "outdoor room" suitable for building in southern gardens. Currently "?" The zigzag temple base is still clearly visible.
(4) The Acropolis
This is another special group of buildings, in the northwest of Fuhai. There is a shopping street in the city, where the palace supervisor and the maid-in-waiting dress up as shop assistants and traders, similar to Suzhou Street in the Summer Palace. There are 326 halls and corridors in the city. Acropolis, Fanghu Scenic Area and Anyou Palace are the three largest groups of buildings in the park.
(5) Fanghu Scenic Area
In the bay to the north of Fuhai, a three-story "mountain"-shaped stone platform made of white marble extends into the water, with Lu 'an Hall, Qionghua Building and? Zhu Gong, wait. Among the existing gardens, few scenery can match this.
(6) Fuhai
Fuhai is the center of the whole park, and the water surface in the park is the largest. There are three small islands in the sea. There are seven buildings on the central island, including Pengdao Yaotai, Changjin Building and Sui 'an Room. There is a pavilion with "three mountains facing the sea" on the southeast island, crossing the bridge to the northwest North Island. This construction also belongs to the pattern of "one pool and three mountains".
2? Changchun garden
From Fuhai to the east, cross Yuanmingyuan and Mingchun Gate to Changchun Garden. The main building in the park is Chunhua Xuan, and there are 12 galleries on the left and right. Each gallery is embedded with 6 stone tablets, and dozens of books and posts are collected, with 99 people from each school. The most famous building in the garden is the Garden Cinema in the West Building. The park is famous for its combination of Chinese and western architecture, beautiful scenery, magnificent architecture and unique style. Other landscapes include Lion Forest, Najing Hall, Qingmen Pavilion, Zhanfeng Pavilion, Qingshuzhai and Yanjing Building. Serene Kincaid, built in the lake, is a two-story circular platform building with Dejin Pavilion built on it, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
3? Wanchunyuan
Southeast of Fuhai, formerly known as Qichun Garden. The gate of the Grand Palace is in the southeast corner of the garden, and there is an east-west room in front of it. The main hall inside the door is Ying Hui Hall. This garden is the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi and concubines. It was rebuilt by Cixi and renamed Wanchunyuan. There are 30 scenic spots such as "Guanglou" and "Siyi Bookstore" in the park. Although the "Dew Tower" is not within 30 scenes, the casting of its bronze dew is very unique. Wanchun Garden is not as grand as Yuanmingyuan and different from Changchun Garden, but it has its own special style of fluency and freedom.
(3) Ruins Park
In order to realize the policy of transformation and utilization, the government and local farmers have made joint efforts and cooperated in many aspects. First, the residents of the park moved, and then decided to focus on the development of Fuhai in the central area, so that it could benefit the people first. 1984, hundreds of thousands of people took part in voluntary labor to dig Fuhai, and at the same time piled the excavated earthwork into hills. Those who fail to take part in voluntary labor voluntarily donate money to support the restoration of Fuhai. With everyone's efforts, Fuhai restored the "Pengdao Yaotai" as planned. The clear water in the lake is clear, pointed lotus boats emerge from the water, and more than 200 yachts float on the 800-acre lake. Fuhai finally dried up 125 years, 1 July 19851day began to receive tourists. Following the development of Fuhai, the palace gate of Wanchunyuan and its affiliated buildings were repaired, and the Yuanmingyuan exhibition hall, several small bridges and flower arrays were newly opened. In recent years, the newly resurrected ruins park often holds large-scale sightseeing activities. For example, in the summer of 199 1, ethnic culture and art festivals are held, and ethnic minorities come to the park to display cultural programs, attracting a large number of tourists. Road Map of Yuanming, Changchun and Wanchun Gardens
(D) the big classroom of patriotism education
The site of Yuanmingyuan itself is irrefutable evidence of the invasion of China by foreign powers, and all China people who come to visit the park are filled with indignation. More than 60 years ago, when Li Dazhao paid tribute to Yuanmingyuan, he wrote poems angrily and denounced the thieves who destroyed the garden. Now, although the gardens have been afforested in a large area and garden villas have been built in Wanchun Garden, the remains of the West Tower, Dashui Law, Shuiguan Law and Yuanyingguan have been consciously preserved, and the ruins have been cleaned up, and the stone carvings have been sorted out, keeping the tragic situation after being stolen as a big classroom for patriotism education. Now it is often the place where party member leads an organized life and young students and workers receive education.