At the end of the 4th century, Tuoba nationality, a branch of Xianbei, gradually rose in the north of China. In the first year of Tuoba Tianxing (AD 388), Emperor Daowu moved the capital to Pingcheng with Wei as the national title, and began to build palaces and ancestral temples, which were spread all over the country. Due to the prosperity of Buddhism, China also built Buddhist temples. Shu Wei Shi Lao Zhi contains Tuoba's imperial edict, which holds that the prosperity of Buddhism is in the foreseeable future. The advantages and disadvantages of economic benefits are invisible and exist. Miracles still exist, and faith can be trusted. It has a company to build a decoration in the capital, renovate the official residence, and give believers a place to live. At the same time, he also sent messengers to see monk Tai Shanlang with 20 pieces of plain bread, 50 pieces of white felt and 2 silver bowls. It can be seen that he respects and advocates Buddhism. Since then, Buddhism has gradually flourished in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
After Taizu Tuoba GUI succeeded to the throne, the Gaiwu Uprising took place in Guanzhong. Tuo Ba-tao went on a personal expedition with a great army and found the contradiction between Chang'an Temple's bow damage and other illegal things, so he wrote a letter to the shaman in Chang 'an and burned the Buddha statue. Later, in the seventh year of Taiping Zhenjun, he wrote a letter: he wrote a letter to the shamans in the state pit and destroyed the Buddha statue. This is the famous Wu Tai Buddha extinction in the history of China. Buddhism has been hit hard. After Tuoba GUI's death, his grandson was named Wen Chengdi. In view of the benefits of Buddhism to the ruling class, Wen Chengdi resumed the Buddhist edict in the first year of Xing 'an. The imperial edict says that Buddhism helps the king to ban the law and benefits the goodness of benevolence and wisdom. Since then, five caves have been opened and a Buddha statue has been built in the capital of Saiwu County. This is the beginning of the famous Yungang Grottoes statue in Datong.
After his death, his son Li Hong, that is, Deng Wendi. TaBaHong soon spread to Taizihong, namely Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In order to strengthen the alliance with the landlords of Han nationality and promote the further sinicization of Xianbei nationality, Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang in the 19th year of Taihe (AD 495), and Liu Shi Palace and Wu Wen all moved to Luoyang. In the second year, I changed my surname to Yuanshi County. From Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang, he passed Yuan Ke, Emperor Xiaoming, Emperor Yuan Ziyou of Xiao Zhuang, former deposed Guangling Emperor Wang, and later deposed stable emperors Yuan Lang and Pingyang, and moved the capital to Ye, totaling 40 years in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
This period is a period of religious fanaticism in Chinese history. From emperors and queens to ordinary people, most people advocate Buddhism. Many princes and ministers also donated their houses as Buddhist temples. Emperor Xiaowen in history was good at explaining Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, especially at explaining them. Every time I talk to the famous shaman, I go back and forth. His son Xuan Wudi Yuanke is also good at Buddhism. He often lectures from the forbidden area every year, collects famous monks, marks the meaning and takes Samoan as notes. I admire the upper class and respect the lower class. By the time Yanchang Middle School (5 12, 5 15), there were 13727 monks and nuns (temples) in all counties of the world, and there were more disciples. After Zheng Guang (AD 520), the number of Buddhist temples increased to more than 30,000, with 2 million monks and nuns. At that time, there were 1367 Buddhist temples inside and outside Luoyang, the capital of China, which were magnificent and rare in the world. The interpretation of the old records leads to the conclusion that the world is full of troubles, especially the king's service. So where I work, it's extremely outrageous to make up my mind and pretend to admire the shaman, but actually avoid changing jobs. Since China had Buddhism, there was nothing! However, since Emperor Xiaojing moved the capital to Cao Zhen, Luoyang City has suffered from repeated wars, and more than a thousand temples were destroyed by fire.
The Biography of Galand in Luoyang tells the rise and fall of the Buddhist temple in Luoyang, Kyoto during the Northern Wei Dynasty, and describes the politics, people, customs, geography and anecdotes at that time. The author, Yang Jiezhi, whose family is Spyker Li and the date of birth and death are not very detailed. He used to be an ambush invited by Sima and Feng Chao. In the fifth year of Wuding (A.D. 547), the author revisited Luoyang after the war, recalling the splendid temple towers and magnificent Buddha statues in Luoyang. The princes and nobles abandoned elephants like horses, and the wealth of ordinary people was like relics. Therefore, the towering pagodas strive for the posture in the sky and the shadow in the mountains. Jindian is higher than gv 10, and Dafang in Guangdian is better than others. Now Luoyang is broken, with only 42 temples1seat.
Moreover, the city walls collapsed, palaces overturned, temples turned to ashes, temple pagodas were in ruins, walls were covered with mugwort leaves, and alleys were covered with thorns. The den is in the wilderness, and the mountain nest is in the courtyard tree. Wandering in Jiukui; Farmers plow the fields, both of which are very skilled. Comparing the two, the author is filled with emotion. So, he picked up old news and traced back to the past, which became a five-volume book "Luoyang Galand Ji". Although this book literally records the rise and fall of Buddhist temples in Luoyang, it shows the author's feelings about the success or failure of the country and his dissatisfaction with the harm of Buddhism. The book reveals that the princes of the Northern Wei Dynasty built hundreds of temples and pagodas, encroaching on fishing without caring for the general public, and thought that Buddhism was meaningless and wasted. Monks use their privileges to harm others and benefit themselves. They live by exploitation, are insatiable, evade taxes and are unpatriotic. And becoming a monk is unfilial to parents. Respect the emperor, not the king. It's a group of people who are not good at home but are at home. Here, the author's anti-Buddha attitude is obvious. He not only served the rulers at that time, but also feared that there would be no descendants. Therefore, he wrote this book to warn future generations.
Although the author is modest and has many omissions, it is actually a well-described and systematic work. He said: there are the most temples, and you can't finish writing. The things recorded today went to Galand, and the youngest of them took away the details of the world, so they came out. Start from the inside of the city, then go outside the city, and list the names of the doors, with a distance of five.
According to the author's account, we can draw a map of Luoyang, Kyoto in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and fill in the positions of many temples, palaces, yamen and places of interest recorded in the book according to the direction of the city gate and the distance between the lanes inside and outside the city. This has a lot to do with the orderliness and systematicness of the author's narration.
After The Story of Galand in Luoyang, Galand was written, there were few comments on it by predecessors, most of which were brief. Except for Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong, which mainly comments on historical books, most of them are both literature and history. For example, in the summary of the total content of Sikuquanshu, it is said that its style is beautiful and elegant, which can be matched with Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics. It also describes Er Zhurong's accident, which is detailed and full of historical facts. Other historical sites, literature and art, exotic customs, rich and colorful, enough to be widely heard. Wu Ruozhun said in "Preface to Luoyang Galand Collection": Yang Jie's yearning for the old capital is sad. He is pretending to be a Buddhist temple and aspiring to the imperial capital. The ending of ordinary family turmoil, the reasons for the abolition of the clan, the customs of literature and art, the location of the bridge in the garden, and the strangeness of people and the customs of foreign countries are all written in great detail, and the ending of the story is also considerable, which is enough to make up for what Wei Shou (a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who wrote the Book of Wei) did not prepare. It is a unique Tuoba history and a special anecdote that bachelor scholars can study. The Biography of Luoyang Galand is of great historical and literary value.
The book Galand in Luoyang mainly describes the rise and fall of pagodas in Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in recent 40 years. However, the author did not record this rise and fall in isolation. It also reflects the economic and cultural decline of Luoyang at that time, and the important political and military events in the Northern Wei Dynasty during these forty years. We know a lot of historical facts, such as the chaos of the imperial court after Xuan Wudi, the abolition of kings, the arrogance of powerful ministers, the arbitrary behavior of eunuchs, the relationship with the Southern Dynasties, the deeds of literati, contacts in all directions, the influence of Buddhism among the people, and the activities of foreign shamans. Some of them can be compared with the history of Shu Wei and the North to make up for the lack of history. For example, Song Yun and Hui Monk's Missions to the Western Regions contained in the fifth volume, Fa Xian Xing Zhuan in the Jin Dynasty, and Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty are all precious historical materials for studying the geographical history of ancient Central Asia and the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In addition, Biography of Jia Yun of Song Dynasty, Travel Notes of Huisheng and Biography of Daorong have been lost today, and this book has preserved the outline of this precious historical material.
Secondly, when recording these facts, the author's attitude is very strict. For example, in Volume 2, Ming Xu Anni Temple noted that Yangqu Stone Bridge said that the bridge has four pillars. In "Daonan", Ming Yun said: The Hanyang family will be a great craftsman Ma Xianzao for four years. Later, I came to Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty for three years. The heavy rain washed away the bridge and the pillars were buried. But the two pillars of Daobei still exist today. At that time, the Records of Ancient and Modern Mountains and Rivers and Dai's Journey to the West recorded that the bridge was built in the first year of Jin Taikang. Yang Jie thinks this is wrong. He said that Chengzhi and others were born in Jiangbiao (south of the Yangtze River, pointing north), but they did not go to Middle-earth (referring to the Northern Wei Dynasty), so they came temporarily because of conscription. As for the past, they didn't see it with their own eyes. When they heard about the road, they made a hole and missed me, only to know later. The sun and the moon are very late! It is a trivial matter to build a bridge, but he thinks that after gambling mistakes, don't meet and learn, which shows his serious attitude.
In the words of Zhao Yi, a hermit at that time, the same volume "Dong Li Sui Li Min Tiao in Jianyang" said: For more than 200 years since Yongjia, the founding of the People's Republic of China claimed that there were six kings out of ten ... After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the history books of Sui Tiao in Jianyang were not true records, but all of them learned from others. Fu Sheng (the prelude king, killed by Fu Jian) is brave and addicted to alcohol, but he is also kind and not evil (killing people together), so he is not cruel to him. And its history is detailed, and all the evils in the world are returned. Fu Jian is the master of wisdom, the thief king (referring to killing Shu Sheng) takes the position, and the scholar is evil. All historians are of the same kind. Here, historians and history books of more than 200 years since Yongjia were exposed. It is true that historians should be truthful and straightforward, but it is difficult to really record it. The serious attitude of Yang Jie, the author of Luoyang Galand, makes this book more historic. The author used to be a secretary supervisor, familiar with government archives, concerned about contemporary art and literature, and attached importance to folk word-of-mouth and historical sites, so this book is rich in historical materials and clear in organization.
Luoyang Galand not only has certain historical value, but also has high literary value. The author focuses on the stupa, with outstanding emphasis, and replaces travel notes with notes and descriptions. So we can read this book as a complete travelogue. Because each temple has its own history and story, and some temples have related myths or anecdotes, each part can be watched independently. You can even use 1 to say that this book is made up of many short stories. As a continuation of a series of novels since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Searching for Ji Shen, Strange Tales and Stories of the World have inherited the characteristics of such novels. At the same time, it is also the intermediate link between this kind of novels and the legendary novels of Tang and Song Dynasties.
Galand, who doesn't read A Journey to Luoyang, can hardly understand why the history of China's novels developed from the supernatural novels in Wei and Jin Dynasties to the legends in Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, there are two articles about Chongzhen Temple in this book, and one is about Huining's resurrection after his death: Huining, a monk of Chongzhen Temple, was resurrected after his death 17, was read by the prince of Yan, and was released again under a wrong name. After Huining described her death, Yan also consulted five monks. There is a monk in Baoming Temple. He is a wise man. He was an ascetic in meditation and then ascended to heaven. A monk is a Taoist priest in prajna temple, who read four nirvanas and ascended to heaven. Another monk said that he was the most tolerant in Rongjue Temple, and he talked about "being cold and being strict", which attracted thousands of people to watch. The prince said: The preacher cares for himself and is arrogant. He is the first monk among monks, and now he only tries to meditate and chant Buddhist scriptures. What Yan Mo said most was: I was born poor, and I was only good at lecturing, but not really good at reciting classics. Yan ordered people to send them to the company for handling, and immediately sent ten people wearing Tsing Yi to explore the northwest gate of the desert. The houses were all black, which seemed to be a bad place.
There was a monk named Zeng Renji Qiu Hong, who claimed to have educated four generations of Tan Yue people and created all the classics. People were like ten drivers. The Prince of Yan said: As a Saman, you must be mindful of the Tao, aiming at meditation, inaction and inaction. Although he made an image, he wanted people and property. When you have something else, you will become greedy. Greed is insatiable, three poisons are not removed, and troubles are enough. I paid for the company, too. Tamo and I went into the same black door. A monk said that Lingjue Temple was a treasure of the Ming Dynasty, and claimed that before becoming a monk, he tried to be a magistrate in Longxi and build Lingjue Temple, that is, to abandon his official position and follow the Tao. Although there is no meditation, there is no lack of worship. When the prince heard this, he said, "When you are a satrap, you misinterpret the law and rob the people of their money, pretending that this is not your power.". Why say this? It was also paid to the company, and Tsing Yi was sent to the Black Gate. When the Queen Mother heard about it, she immediately sent Xu Yang, assistant minister of Huangmen, to Baoming Temple as Huining said. There are Baoming Temple in the east, prajna temple in the west and Rongjue, Zen Forest and Lingjue temples in the west. When it comes to Zhi Sheng, Dao Pin, Tan Mo Zui, Dao Hong and Bao Ming, they are all real people. Huining later entered Bailushan to live in seclusion. Since then, all the monks in Kyoto have been chanting scriptures, and there is no meaning of preaching scriptures anymore.
This is a novel about Buddhist mythology, which reflects that Buddhism in the Northern Dynasties paid more attention to Zen and asceticism, but was not good at explaining scriptures and reasoning. There are three articles about Cui Han in this book "Bordet Ji": Bordet Ji, established by the Hu people in the western regions, is in Muli. Shaman (here refers to the monk) has done a lot of burying in order to get the brick, and he has to go in alone. When the Queen Mother and Ming Di were in Hualin, they thought it was rare. Xu Ge, assistant minister of Huangmen, said: Has this happened often since ancient times? Huo Guang's son-in-law, Fan, was a slave when Wei was buried, saying that the compilation was abolished in the Han Dynasty, which was consistent with the history books. This is not the difference. Later, I asked him his name. How many years have he been dead and still eating? The deceased said: My surname is Cui, my first name is Han, and my word is me. I'm from Anping and Boling. His father's surname is Chang, his mother's surname is Wei, and he lives in Fucai, west of the city. He was fifteen when he died, and now he is twenty-seven. He has been buried for more than ten or twenty years, and often seems to be drunk and has no food. It's hard to tell the difference between marching and eating, just like dreaming.
Later, he was sent to the secretariat to take Cai Li to see Han's parents. Thus, Cui Chang, his wife Wei Shi, was born. Ask Chang with you: Is your son dead? Chang Yue: He died at the age of fifteen. Soo-sub said: It was made by people. Today, Sue lives in Hualin Garden. My master sent me to ask questions. Chang Wen was surprised and said, there is no such thing, which is a fallacy to people. Come back with the real Chen Wen.
After that, I was sent home with Han. When I heard the news, there was a fire in front of the door (a fire was lit in front of the door, holding a knife, and Wei put peach branches (peach branches, which are said to ward off evil spirits). ) and said,' You don't have to come, I'm not your father and you're not my son. I am anxious to get there quickly, so that I can have a tour in Beijing and stay at the temple gate for one night. King Runan gave him yellow clothes. Implicit fear of the sun, dare not look. I'm afraid of fire, water and soldiers. Always walk on Kuitun Road, stop when you are tired, and don't walk too slowly. People are still called ghosts. ..... The above two cases are supernatural novels. There is evidence in what the author wrote, which seems to be true. Mr. Lu Xun once said: China believes in witchcraft. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the theory of immortals has prevailed, witchcraft has flourished at the end of the Han Dynasty, and ghosts have become increasingly fierce.
Hinayana Buddhism will also enter Middle Earth and spread gradually. These are arrogant ghosts and gods, praising the supernatural, so from Jin to Sui, there are many books about ghosts and gods. His books are written by scholars and believers. Literati' works, unlike Buddhism and Taoism, are intended for self-study, but they are not intended to be novels. At that time, Guy thought that the secluded and the bright were different, but people and ghosts were all real, so his description of strange things was different from the record of worldly affairs. He regarded himself as impregnable and innocent. This passage can also be used to explain why a person who is serious about historical materials like Yang Zhi records so many ghosts. In addition, the author also described many customs and interesting stories about art and literature, which not only broadened people's horizons, but also made them interesting to read. For example, the third volume reports the story that Wang Su of the Southern Dynasties went to Wei Houde Temple.
When Wang Su first arrived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, he did not eat mutton, casein and other things. He often drinks crucian carp at meals and drinks tea when he is thirsty. Scholars in Luoyang said that Wang Su drank a bucket, so it was called a leak. A few years later, Wang Su and Emperor Xiaowen ate a lot of mutton and cheese porridge. Emperor Xiaowen was very surprised and said to him: Zhong Qing (referring to the Central Plains, here to the Han people) tastes good. Why is mutton like fish soup? What is tea like cheese? Wang Su replied: "Sheep are the most prolific on land, and fish is the best among the aquarium. Different tastes are called treasures. As far as taste is concerned, they are good and bad. " . Sheep are bigger than Qilu, fish are smaller than home, only tea is wrong, and it is a slave to cheese. Emperor xiaowen said with a smile, who can tell if there are three or three horizontal and two or two vertical? In the proposal, Li Chengbiao said: selling wine, old woman injecting wine and slaughtering meat are all the same scales. Shangshu Youcheng said: Wu people are floating in the clouds, and prostitutes are abandoned in the void. Wang Yuan of Pengcheng said: I realized this word is a four-character word for the first time. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen gave Li Biao a gold medal. The court was smart and wise, and Zhen Chen quickly made peace with him. Later, King Peng Cheng said to Wang Su, "Qing doesn't care about Qilu, but loves this small country?" ? Wang Su replied: The beauty of country songs is good. King Cheng Peng added, "Your mother will take care of me tomorrow. I will provide you with plenty of food and cheese slaves. " . Therefore, people also call tea a cheese slave.
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the division of the North and the South, southerners called northerners Hu or, while northerners called southerners foreigners or islanders. This story reflects the regional or racial prejudice at that time. Wang Su's answer has its own flattering side. Emperor Xiaowen, who was obsessed with Chinese culture, thought it was a habit, so he specially set up a crossword puzzle (a lesson from the past) as a wine order for ministers to guess for themselves. Suggest that they should not oppose sinicization. Its good intentions can be seen. In another volume, there is a part about the luxurious life of Chen Yuan and others in Prince Square. Chen Yuan wrote: Chen Yuan is in Qin Zhou, but he has no political achievements. He sent envoys to Persia to get swift horses to chase the wind and red horses, and more than ten horses traveled 700 miles a day. They all use silver as grooves and gold as locking rings. Therefore, kings serve their wealth. He publicly told people: Shi Chong, a member of the A Jin family, is an ordinary surname, and he can still hide his head and paint a new picture.
Besides, I am a great Wang Wei, and I don't want to waste it. He also said: Don't hate that I can't see Shi Chong, and hate that Shi Chong can't see me! When Wang Yuan in Zhangwu saw Chen Yuan's rich style, he was very angry. He was seriously ill and stayed at home for three days. The story is vivid and incisive. When Hu Taihou is recorded in the same volume, the country is rich and the people are strong, the national treasury is overflowing, and money and silks are accumulated in the gallery, which is countless. The queen mother gave the officials a negative and took them at will, and the courtiers all said they were leaving. Wei (Yuan) Rong and Chen He both injured their ankles on the job. The Queen Mother doesn't talk to her, leaving her alone. When she talks, people laugh. Laugh at their insatiable greed.
In Fayun Temple, Tian Sengchao, a musician who is good at playing military songs, fought side by side with Cui Yanbo, the general of the Western Expedition. Every time you get cold feet, it is called "the voice of a strong man", and the people wearing armor are enthusiastic. Yan Bo went into battle alone, and no one watched. Later, the enemy recruited a good shooter and shot the monk beyond death. Yan Bo was deeply saddened. Soon, Yan Bo was captured by Liu Ya and died in the army. As a result, 50 thousand troops were defeated at one time. Tian's super hoarse voice can make the soldiers get up the courage and make the Lord like nobody's business. Once the monk is shot, the Lord will die and the whole army will be destroyed. Do what you can with artistic exaggeration.
In a word, Galand pays equal attention to literature and history in Luoyang, which not only talks about gods and monsters, but also makes the narrative euphemistic, fresh and beautiful, full of novel interest. From this, we can see the historical evolution of China's novels from the Wei and Jin Dynasties, through the Southern and Northern Dynasties, to the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Among the popular versions, Fan Luoyang Paper published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1978 is the better version.