Coffee was introduced to China
From the linguistic point of view, Kangxi Dictionary has neither the word "coffee" nor the word "coffee", which shows that China people have not been exposed to coffee in the early Qing Dynasty. Whether there was coffee (beverage) in China in the middle of Qing Dynasty is still being searched. The author carefully consulted several dictionaries, dictionaries and other books collected from the middle of Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty in the Collection of Dictionaries of Ming and Qing Dynasties published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1989, but found nothing. For example, Popular Articles compiled by Zhai Hao in the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty (printed by the Commercial Press in 1958), Records of Scholars Written by Gu Zhang Sizhi in the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty, Evidence of Popular Articles written by Hao Yixing in the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty, and Summary of Correct Sound written by Gao Jingting in the reign of Emperor Guangnian of Qing Dynasty, etc. At first, the Chinese translation of Coffee was definitely not uniform, such as "eating fat". (1) and does not rule out the possibility of being transliterated into other words. However, today's Chinese official name "coffee" should be transformed into Japanese "Jiajue". Because, as mentioned earlier, the Japanese first contact and write down coffee, start a coffee shop first, and write it as "Jiajue". Since 1894, Japan has invaded China on a large scale ... Therefore, it was named "coffee" in Chinese. As far as I know, the earliest word "Coffee" probably appeared in The Great Chinese Dictionary (Zhonghua Book Company, 1915) in the early years of the Republic of China, which also means "coffee, western drinks, such as Chinese tea, English coffee". Since then, the word "coffee" has also been included in Ci Yuan published in 193s, and the explanation is detailed and correct. It can be seen that the word "coffee" entered the Chinese vocabulary in the Republic of China and was fixed and widely used.
It seems that it is difficult to determine when and where foreigners coming to China will cook and drink their own coffee in China. However, as far as we know, during the Jiaqing period before the Opium War, foreigners who came to Guangzhou, China's largest trading port at that time, had cooked and drank their own coffee. China people also feel this kind of eating habit. "There are wine ... and black wine in foreign countries, which can be digested by ghosts after meals." (2) according to the "Guangdong Tongzhi" said that ghosts, black wine, drinking after meals, can help digestion and other judgments, the so-called black wine should refer to coffee. Similar cocoa is mostly made into chocolate, and cocoa drinking is not as popular as coffee drinking.
Individual China people began to taste and drink coffee during the Tongzhi period. In the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), Mrs. Gao Pidi, an American missionary in Shanghai, published a book "Cooking Foreign Food", which was written for foreigners coming to China to eat western food and train China cooks and chefs. In addition to transliteration of coffee as "cutting fat", the book also teaches the method of making and cooking coffee: "Bake fat with strong fire, shovel it frequently, and don't make it brown. Bake it well, add some cream while it is hot, put it in a bottle with a lid, and roll it when it is needed. " (3) here first talked about roasted and cooked coffee beans, and when you want to cook drinks, just crush them and cook them immediately. Later, I will talk about how to add boiled coffee. But it didn't say anything about adding sugar. There may be an omission. Those who are trained by foreigners to make western food and coffee are mostly employed people from China, and they will inevitably not taste coffee because of their work needs. When foreigners eat western food and drink coffee in China, they sometimes invite China officials and their acquaintances in China to eat and drink. Therefore, China people have tasted coffee during Tongzhi period. Commercial cafes appeared in China in the late Qing Dynasty. According to Xu Ke, a man in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, "Drinking coffee: there are coffee shops in Europe and America, which are slightly like teahouses in China. Tianjin and Shanghai also have it, and Chinese imitators also have it. Sell candy for drinking. " Xu Ke's book takes many notes of the Qing Dynasty, and it can be inferred that what he talked about appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. However, this book was published a little later than The Great Chinese Dictionary, so it is difficult to determine which book used the word "coffee" first. However, the first one printed in type was The Chinese Dictionary. It can be seen that in the Republic of China, cafes or cafes attached to hotels and hotels generally appeared in major cities.