Who invented chess?

Yes, but the history of the source involved in chess is so long that later generations mistake it for a fairy tale (this is really a misfortune for us in China). It is supposed that the Yellow Emperor was just a tribal leader of the patriarchal clan in the late primitive society. With the very low social productivity at that time, who can believe that the Yellow Emperor would have so much leisure to create tools for fun in the years of war? However, if we relate to the "preparation" that is "strategizing in the air and winning the battle thousands of miles away", and to the rules of gambling, such as throwing dice and playing chess and changing chess pieces, as recorded in Gubo Jing, then we will be suddenly enlightened: it turned out that the production tool of "Bo" was invented by the Yellow Emperor-fighting preparation. As the Natural History introduced, in the Xia Dynasty, after the emergence of the slave owners' aristocratic class, a courtier named Wu Cao invented the toy "Bo" to Xia Jie according to the method of the Yellow Emperor's operation. At that time, the Yellow Emperor commanded only the troops formed by the alliance of some fragmented tribal teams, lacking absolute authoritative command, so he adopted the method of deciding the advance and retreat of a certain army by throwing dice at the alliance military democratic conference to coordinate his own army, so there were rules for playing chess by throwing dice in Wu Cao's chess game. As for the relevant regulations on the promotion of chess pieces to "owls", it only reflects a reward mechanism of the Yellow Emperor's troops in wartime, which is the same as the agreement that "the first to enter Xianyang is king" made by Liu and Xiang before the Qin Dynasty was destroyed. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with getting to the bottom of the matter and saying that the Yellow Emperor invented Bo. The two rules, that is, throwing dice determines the movement of chess and the rise and fall of chess pieces, naturally become the basic characteristics of chess. In the later spreading process, it evolved from "Bo" to "plug", collectively known as "Bosai". The difference between them is that the person who rolls the dice is called Bo, and the person who doesn't roll the dice is called Plug. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the popularity of Bosai was very common. "Zhuangzi's Qing Thumb" says: "Zang and Gu, both of them are herding sheep and their sheep are dead. Ask Zang Xi, then study by force; Ask Gu Xi about things, and Bosai will travel. " Gu was so addicted to playing Bo Sai that he even lost his sheep. It can be seen that these chess games were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people at that time. So why did Emperor Wu of Zhou change his name to chess? There can only be one answer, which is the result of social development. With the development of productive forces, the Shang dynasty had a full-time army, and by the end of the Shang dynasty, different arms were differentiated in the army. Cheng Hao's poem "chariots and horses still have Zhou's tactics" tells us that Emperor Wu of Zhou used two relatively new arms, "chariots" and "horses", and played a great role in the war against Shang Zhou. Then, after winning the world, when the vassals of Emperor Wu of Zhou were playing Bo, it was very likely that they happily added the two arms of "car" and "horse" to Bo, so as to praise the invincible force of Zhou Tianzi. In this way, a new type of Bo Opera emerged, which is different from the old Bo Opera in that it is various (the original Bose was a single arm). Of course, Emperor Wu of Zhou would feel that this new bo opera belongs to his own "patent". In order to flaunt that he is better than the three kings, he happily changed his name to "chess" for Xinbo. Therefore, it is probably not wrong to say that chess was born at the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. In the long years to come, chess has been growing and developing in spite of the ups and downs of history (of course, all other chess games are the same). It is conceivable that in the Warring States period, under the influence of Bose, chess will inevitably differentiate into chess with dice and chess without dice. Because it is convenient to play chess without dice, and the changes of multiple arms are correspondingly complicated, this kind of chess has great development advantages. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the further consolidation and strengthening of feudal imperial power, the roles of king, favoritism and long-term benefit were gradually added in chess, which was proved by Cheng Hao's poem "favoritism and long-term benefit have both Chinese official names". In the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially on the eve of the finalization of China's chess, culture and art flourished unprecedentedly due to the development of social productive forces. Chess, like other arts, has developed in a variety of ways, such as Baoying Chess, Qiguo Chess, Elephant Play and Elephant Play, which are three-dimensional, flat, exquisite and simple. However, with the finalization of China Chess and Chess, the chess body suddenly lost its "childishness" when it was born; Gradually, even his source information became blurred. But we can still use the method of "gene analysis" to trace the ins and outs of chess. For example, Guboqi has developed to today, and it has become the most popular entertainment game among the people-Mahjong. Although it has changed from the original two parties to the present four-party participation, from the original chess pieces to the present cards, it has become "unrecognizable", but the "gene" of throwing dice before touching cards confirms that its "ancestor" is ancient chess. Another example is the "quadrangle chess" in India in the eleventh century. From the perspective of multiple arms, it is a kind of "chess"; However, if we can't provide historical evidence that the ancient Indian Peacock Dynasty was a trend of "the four countries were divided", then its dice-playing and the "genes" in which the four parties participated decided that it must be an alienated development of China's nascent chess. Modern chess has the "genetic gene" of China's ancient "Bosai chess". In this way, we have to mention international checkers first, but international checkers are not widely carried out in China at present. People's Sports Publishing House published the book "International Checkers" in July 1994, from which we can know that it has the following characteristics: First, the arms are single and the chess pieces are placed in the grid; Second, the participants are two parties and do not throw dice; Third, when moving chess, the pieces are only allowed to enter and are not allowed to return (except after the change); Only one jump can be eaten, and you can jump and eat, but you are not allowed to jump over many children to advance; Fourth, in order to prevent the opponent's chess pieces from entering the bottom line and becoming king chess, both sides often have to try to block the opponent's chess pieces. According to the above characteristics, we can naturally draw the conclusion that he is a living fossil of China ancient chess! Although we rarely see the real thing of ancient chess, it is not difficult to understand the reason why chess is called "plug" from the characteristics of mutual "plug" in international checkers. However, we can say more precisely that checkers is actually a "pure soldier" chess. All arms of chess are changed into soldiers, and then compared with checkers, except for the different rules of eating (chess soldiers are inclined to eat), what is the difference? Some people say that modern chess is developed after the development of chess to chess, and then on the basis of chess There is some truth in this statement. * * * Looking at the relevant characteristics of chess players, doesn't it clearly show its blood relationship with chess? It is necessary to analyze "Wang Che Translocation" and "General" (also called "Calling General" and "Zhao Jiang"). As the name implies, "king-car translocation" means that the king exchanges positions with his men in the chariot (or exchanges his own vehicle). So why translocation? I just want to hide my true identity, so as to find opportunities to escape from dangerous situations. After careful study, this special rule also contains a dramatic historical story. According to Zuo Zhuan, in the second year of Lu Chenggong (589 BC), the armies of the two vassal states of Qi and Jin fought in this place. The Lord of the Qi army, the vassal Wang Qi, poured out the public to "destroy the food" and made a big taboo of being proud and underestimating the enemy. As a result, he was beaten out of the water by the Jin army, and his chariot was chased by the general of the Jin army, Han Jue. Seeing that he couldn't escape, he "transposed the ugly father and the public" (his assistant, the ugly father, secretly exchanged seats with Qi Qinggong in the car). You know, in ancient China, people always paid attention to "the monarch, the minister, the father, the son and the son". People with different identities and positions shared the same car, and they also had different positions of seniority, so they were not allowed to overstep easily. In the crisis, Qi Qing Gong's "king-car translocation" was just to hide his true identity as a "king" in order to wait for an opportunity to escape (later Qi Qing Gong really relied on this move to get out of danger). Jin Jiang finally caught up with Qi Qing Gong, but he did not dare to be rude. The next step was the "general" (called Jiang)-"Han Jue took the horse before him, and then bowed to the kotow, offering him a reward to advance, saying ..." (Han Jue grabbed the reins of the horse before the horse, paid a tribute to the monarch, and took a glass of wine with jade. Because China abided by the etiquette of "not being punished as a doctor" in ancient times, Han Jue still treated the enemy's commander-in-chief with respect and did not dare to be insulted at all (of course, there may be other intentions). Probably to warn people to remember the lesson that pride will lead to failure. In chess, there is the rule of "king-car translocation" and the term "general". People call chess an elephant play, but it turns out that the small field is a living play of human history! Then, how can we see that the story contained in "Wang Che Translocation" and "Calling General" must be a unique story in China's ancient battlefield? This is something to prove. According to relevant information, the Louvre Museum in Paris, France has an ivory carved three-dimensional chess in India in the eighth century. Its king sits on the back of an elephant, and an enemy soldier is rolled on its trunk. It can be seen that the ancient kings of India, the elephant-producing country, rode elephants instead of chariots when fighting, so it can be concluded that "king-chariot translocation" and "calling generals" are not in line with the ancient Indian kings, and there is no "genetic gene" of ancient Indian culture in modern chess. There is also the elephant among chess members, whose predecessor is a kind of partial role, and it can never be the arms on which chess is named. What is worth noting is its way of playing. In China's chess, it is the corner of "Tian", which is quite puzzling. Because in people's life experience, only cattle and horses are associated with "fields", how can elephants now step on fields? It turns out that there is also a story in it. It is said that Shun's half-brother, Elephant, is unruly by nature and often conspires against Shun. Shun's father, Gu Sou, is blind. Although Shun is very filial to his parents, Gu Sou, who is confused, always prefers Elephant. Later, with extraordinary wisdom and great love, Shun finally influenced his parents and younger brother with his filial behavior. As a result, the family was harmonious, and the elephant became Shun's faithful right-hand man (Volume 12 of "The View of Ancient Chinese" and Wang Shouren's "The Elephant Temple" talked about the elephant being influenced). In the end, "Shun buried Cangwu, like plowing for it" ("On the Balance of Couples"), like loyalty to Shun touching. So later generations also set up a temple for the elephant, honoring it as "the God of Nose Pavilion". Shun, known as "Yu Shun" in history, was a hunter in ancient times, so Shun was originally a hunter. According to the description of its shape in various materials, experts concerned have proved that it is actually an animal elephant with a long nose and big ears. This conclusion is strongly proved by China folk books such as "Twenty-four filial piety pictures" and its "Shun Geng Li Shan Tu", which shows that the livestock that Shun uses to plow the fields are animals with long noses and big ears (please refer to Yuan Ke's "Hundred Questions on Myth Selection", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 198). This kind of "Shun Geng Li Shan Tu" has also been seen by the author in a stall in Putuo Mountain, Zhejiang Province. If we deal with the legend of Shun and Xiang, it is not difficult to see that this is actually the story of our ancestors domesticating wild elephants. Once an elephant is tamed, it is faithful to its master, which is a model of "loyalty". With this, it is also logical that it follows Shun into the textbook of Twenty-four Filial Piety. In the Song Dynasty, when Neo-Confucianism prevailed, in order to publicize the doctrine of "loyalty and filial piety", Tessa, who shaped China's chess, did not fear to work as a "nose pavilion god" and let him play related roles on the chessboard. It's just that this Mr. Nose is obsessed with the "glorious tradition" of helping to cultivate the mountains, so he stepped on the corner of the word "Tian" step by step. What modern chess glows is the light and color of Chinese history and culture, so simple and mysterious, because the roots of chess are deeply rooted in the land of China.