Management psychology takes the people in the organization as the specific research object, focusing on the systematic study of people with the same management goals, in order to maximize efficiency and mobilize people's enthusiasm and creativity under certain cost control conditions. Today's management psychology is based on humanistic thought. It helps to mobilize people's enthusiasm, improve organizational structure and leadership performance, improve the quality of work and life, establish healthy and civilized interpersonal relationships, and achieve the purpose of improving management level and developing production.
English name: management psychology
[Edit this paragraph] Development course
Management psychology is inseparable from the needs of socialized mass production, which is linked with modern productive forces and production technology. Due to the rapid development of productive forces and the sharp contradiction between labor and capital in production relations, while the bourgeoisie proposes to seek new management theories and methods, scientific progress and development also provide possible conditions for the formation of this new discipline theory of management psychology. During this period, psychology, sociology and other disciplines have made great progress, and psychological technology theory, group dynamics theory, social measurement theory and demand hierarchy theory have appeared one after another. At the beginning of the 20th century, social psychology and sociology have developed into independent disciplines. The formation and development of the above theories laid a relatively sufficient theoretical foundation for management psychology, thus making the emergence of management psychology inevitable and possible.
China has rich thoughts of management psychology since ancient times. For example, Sun Wu, a strategist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wrote in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "A Taoist can make the people agree with him, so he can die with him and live with him without fear of danger." Sun Wu emphasized the importance of coordination between leaders and subordinates, which is also a very important principle of management psychology today. China's ancient management philosophy is fully embodied in the debate about human nature. Xunzi believes that "today's nature, hunger and hunger, cold and warm, fatigue and rest, this person's temperament is also" ("Xunzi? Sexual evil "). Mencius believed that "human nature is good as water." China's thought of ancient management psychology has been widely valued by management psychologists, and China's ancient books have also become a must-read for training managers in some countries.
At the end of 19, capitalism was developed, production scale was expanding day by day, and enterprise management was more complicated. Labor organization and reasonable arrangement have also been put on the scientific research agenda. At this time, the School of Scientific Management appeared, represented by Taylor. Taylor focused on the rationalization of workers' operation, but he regarded people as economic men and ignored their sociality.
World War I promoted the development of management psychology, and all participating countries tried to use psychological principles to improve management, increase production and serve the war. For example, formulate methods for personnel selection and training, study the most effective organizational form, and adjust the relationship between workers and managers. After the war, the development of industrial production raised some new problems, such as the role of social factors in production. A group of experts, led by social psychologist Mayo, conducted Hawthorne experiments and put forward the idea of "social man". In their view, material stimulation alone cannot guarantee to mobilize the enthusiasm of workers. Good interpersonal relationships and favorable social conditions are more closely related to work efficiency. In addition, they also put forward the role of informal organizations in groups.
The development of engineering psychology in World War II emphasized the study of the relationship between man and machine, and put forward the problem of solving the relationship between man and organization. After the war, many scholars summed up their wartime experience and thought it necessary to establish a comprehensive science to study human behavior. They believe that people and society, people and production can be considered together. So in 1949, the name "behavioral science" was put forward at a seminar at the University of Chicago. Later, the Ford Foundation of the United States gave financial support. Many universities have carried out research on behavioral science and published journals of behavioral science. Because the name of behavioral science is too broad, some people include behavioral research and animal behavior research in medicine, which can't highlight the work related to production management. Therefore, many units and experts later adopted the name of organizational behavior or organizational psychology, especially the study of individual and group behavior in an organization. In China, the name of management psychology is often used.
[Edit this paragraph] Theme properties
1, Humanization-is a human-centered subject with obvious humanistic tendency.
2, comprehensive-is a comprehensive science, it involves a wide range of basic theoretical knowledge.
3. Applicability-It is closely related to organizational management activities and plays a positive role in improving organizational management level.
[Edit this paragraph] Subject characteristics
1, establish a people-oriented management concept.
2, adapt to the management requirements of the new era.
3. Improve production efficiency
4, improve the scientific decision-making.
[Edit this paragraph] Research content
Specifically, the main contents of management psychology research are as follows:
(1) individual psychology. This paper mainly studies the laws, needs, motives and attitudes of individual psychological activities, employees' mental health, incentive theory and so on. In order to better mobilize and stimulate the enthusiasm of employees.
(2) Group psychology. This paper mainly studies formal and informal groups, group cohesion, interpersonal relationship and information exchange in groups, morale and group consciousness. In order to better solve the problems of coordination, communication, unity and cooperation in the organization.
(3) Organizational psychology. This paper mainly studies organizational structure, organizational environment, organizational change, various leadership styles and their effects, selection and training of leaders, and factors affecting leadership effects. The purpose is to make the organization better adapt to the requirements of organizational tasks and missions, so as to facilitate the realization of organizational goals and safeguard the survival and development of the organization.
Management psychology mainly studies the individual characteristics of people related to organizational behavior, such as motivation, ability and sexual orientation. Group characteristics of people, such as the classification of groups and the interaction between people and organizations; Characteristics of leadership behavior, such as leadership style, leadership evaluation and training. Organizational theory and organizational change, such as organizational model, organizational change and organizational development research; The research on the quality of working life focuses on improving the working environment, enriching and expanding the work, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees and improve productivity; Cross-cultural management psychology compares the similarities and differences of management behaviors in different regions, countries, social systems and cultural backgrounds, and provides scientific basis for international economic exchanges and cooperative enterprises.
In terms of research methods, management psychology does not have a universal method to solve all problems. Mainly based on the research methods of psychology and sociology, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, scale, case analysis, quasi-experimental research, social investigation, public opinion survey and so on. Combined with management practice, according to different situations and problems, appropriate methods are adopted to make the solution of problems have scientific basis for objective views. Organizational behavior in western countries is mainly used in the study of human resources, such as selecting employees by test or evaluating leaders by evaluation center method; The expert group helps enterprises to improve their self-improvement ability and drives various organizations to carry out reforms; The application of decision theory, such as assisting large enterprises to approve major projects and business strategies. Adopting decision-making meeting mode, under the guidance of experts, using electronic computers and special decision-making software, the decision-making process can be greatly accelerated and the quality of decision-making can be improved; Research on the quality of work and life, such as formulating a more perfect working class system, preventing accidents and reducing work pressure.
Two factors form three relationship systems in an organization: an organization consists of two factors: people and things.
1. Material relationship: mainly the object of technical management, including the management of materials, equipment, assets, funds and technology.
2. The relationship between people and things: that is, the relationship between people and machines is an intersecting system, part of which is the object of technical management, but mainly the object of labor psychology and engineering psychology.
3. The relationship between people: mainly the research object of management psychology.
[Edit this paragraph] Subject task
There are two tasks of management psychology, that is, to improve the working efficiency and labor productivity of enterprises and to cultivate and educate the psychological quality of workers. The main task is to master the laws of psychological activities of individuals, groups and organizations in management, so as to formulate scientific management principles, policies and methods for managing individuals, groups and organizations, and at the same time greatly promote the improvement of leaders' management level and leadership art, and on this basis improve the work efficiency and labor productivity of enterprises. In addition, it absorbs and applies the theories and methods of various related disciplines (including psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science and other disciplines related to management), probes into the laws of psychological activities of individuals, groups, organizations and leaders in organizations, and expounds how to coordinate the human-human system by adjusting interpersonal relationships, motivating motivation, improving leadership level and art, and enhancing organizational cohesion.