What is the life history of Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first emperor of the first feudal dynasty in China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." The surname is Ying, the son of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang, a native of Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province), Han nationality, Zhao (the surname was not unified in the pre-Qin period, so Qin Shihuang was also called). In 247 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, ascended the throne at the age of 13. Because he is young, he is in charge of the Queen Mother and Prime Ministers Lv Buwei and Ai. In 238 BC (the ninth year of the reign of King Qin), at the age of 22, Qin Shihuang held an adult coronation ceremony in his ancient capital Yongcheng, and officially ascended the throne. He "pro-government", get rid of Lu and Mao, and reuse Li Si. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Wei perished one after another. Xianyang is its capital. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and changed the title agreed by the minister to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, which had a far-reaching influence on the history of China and the world. Chronology of the first emperor: 2265438 BC +0 Chen Geng 26th -220 Xinsi 27th -2 19 Renwu 28th -2 18 Guiwei 29th -2 17 Shen Jia 30th -2 16 Yiyou 3/kloc. Thirty-three years -2 13 Thirty-four years of Wuzi -2 12 Thirty-five years of Wuzi Ugliness -2 10 Thirty-six years of Geng Yin -2 10 Xin Mao's answer to the people's compensation for thirty-seven years 2009-05-28 20:48 The life stories of the characters are recorded in Historical Records and《 According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", "The Emperor of Qin Shihuang, Qin Zhuangzi also. King Xiang of Zhuang made a proton in Zhao Shengqin. When he met Ji, he gladly took it and became the emperor. " As an underrated son of protons, Ying Zheng spent his youth in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace. For Qin Shihuang, the most familiar woman is the mother. When Qin Shihuang was 3 years old, his father left their mother and son as hostages in Zhao. Mother is a concubine, so the rumor of "two fathers" has been accompanied by the growth of Ying Zheng, and the spurning and contempt of Zhao people made the young Qin Shihuang full of complicated feelings of love and hate for his mother, the only person he could rely on. Qin Shihuang lived with his mother. From being born in Zhao to 9 years old, this stage is just an important stage of a child's psychological development. He can't develop the identities of his father, his mother and Guan Zhong-Lv Buwei, perhaps his biological father. These complicated situations caused Qin Shihuang's complicated psychological feelings. He had to rely on his only woman, his mother, to survive, but he despised and hated his mother's behavior, because it had caused great trauma to his childhood. All the negative emotions caused by these injuries will be projected on the mother, the only woman. He ascended the throne at 20: 49 on May 28th, 2009. In the third year (247 BC), King Zhuang Xiang died, and Ying Zheng became the king of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave Empress Zhao, and was afraid of the Empress Dowager's resentment, so he presented false eunuch's old moxa to the Empress Dowager, which was fake and rotten, and only pulled out his beard and entered the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not feng shui and she wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children. This false eunuch, Ai, pretended to be the king's father. With the help of the Queen Mother, he sealed a long letter, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei. Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel. In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and made them public. Put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although the nobles of the State of Qin listened to their words and issued an "expulsion order" to expel the diners from the six countries, they were discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion" and later appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others. 2009-05-28 20:50 Six countries were unified. From 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of making friends from far and near, dividing and alienating, and uniting with the constant [1], and launched the war of Qin to destroy the six countries. Seventeen years of Qin Shihuang (first 230 years), nineteen years of Zhao (first 228 years), twenty-two years of Wei (first 225 years), twenty-four years of Chu (first 223 years), twenty-five years of Yan (first 222 years) and twenty-six years of Qi (first 22 1 year). Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established, which was also the beginning of the feudal dynasty in China. According to legend, Jiuding was captured by the Qin Dynasty, and Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu. It is protected by many countries and made of iron tribute from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (5 1 59), Qin Jun was attacked in Handan, Zhao, and then Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59 years of Yunwang and 565,438+0 years of Qinwang), Chiyou attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yunwang listened to the words of the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and surrendered Qin to 36 cities and 30,000 households in the Western Zhou Dynasty). The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin had to have eight tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). Starting from the following year (52nd year of Zhao Xiang, the first 255th year), historians used the King of Qin to mark this year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States. Major policies After the King of Qin took charge, he listened to Li Sijin's suggestion to destroy the six countries and set out to plan the great cause of unifying the six countries. Its general strategic policy is to concentrate far and near and divide them one by one; Take Zhao in the north, Wei in the middle, Korea in the south, and then forge ahead with Yan, Chu and Qi. Zhao was the first target for South Korea to destroy the King of Qin. Because Zhao's strength is the strongest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. However, Zhao has not yet reached the point of being vulnerable. Qin Jun attacked Zhao many times and was repelled by Zhao. While attacking Zhao with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. In 23 1 year BC, Nanyang County of South Korea became a "fake guard" (that is, acting as the county chief) and gave its territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an was captured. Korea has perished. In 229 BC, the State of Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance. Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. But Gong Zijia fled to Daixian County (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north. In 23 1 BC, King Wei Jingkun was forced by the powerful forces of Qin to ask Li Yi to stall his army. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), when the main force went south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished. 2009-05-28 20:5 1 Chu Chu, a big country in the south of Chu, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, claiming to have millions of soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, was gradually demoralized due to the lack of food and grass, and was ready to retreat eastward. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed. In the process of destroying Zhao, Qin Jun has reached the border of Yan. Yan Guojun was in a state of panic all day. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he tried to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture the Ledu of Rebecca, and Yan State was completely destroyed. In the same year, the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State. 2009-05-28 20:5 1 Destroy Qi in 22 BC1year (the 26th year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack Qi, the last of the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in 284 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu successively attacked Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person. He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi should go west to the Qin Dynasty as a sign of submission, not by in-laws. It was not necessary to prepare for the war against Qin, nor should it help Sanjin and Yanchu attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into Linzi, and Qi and Hou Sheng surrendered without fighting. The state of Qi perished. At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries. Qin Shihuang finally unified China in the 26th year of his reign. At the beginning of the world, the first thing Qin, 39, was eager to do was to redefine his title. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered ministers to discuss titles. After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, Yu Shi Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "attacking Xingyi, killing the remnant thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by the King of Qin. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it, creating a new title for himself. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China. The appearance of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of notification. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty. Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography). In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch": abolishing the funeral etiquette. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. Qin Shihuang, on the other hand, thought that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch", which is outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves. The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict". It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written. 2009-05-28 20:52 Only the big seal of jade carving can be called "seal". The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation. 2009-05-28 20:53[ Edit this paragraph] Abstract As the first Qin Emperor unified China, he made many unprecedented achievements, and listed several influential ones as follows: 1 Unify the written language, making it the foundation of a nation and continuing to this day; 2. Abandoning state-owned counties became the standard management mode after the unification of China, which lasted for thousands of years; 3. Unifying currency and weights and measures greatly facilitates domestic commercial exchanges. 4. The cars are on the same track, and the distance between roads is the same. The construction of Qin Zhi Road has greatly facilitated domestic traffic; 5. Burning books to bury Confucianism, objectively unifying thoughts and avoiding the division of the country due to historical issues; However, the destruction of ancient books in various countries has made a considerable number of ancient cultural faults and ancient history in China dating, which is really regrettable; 6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever; 7. Build the Great Wall to make it a natural dividing line between agricultural and nomadic peoples, and the Great Wall will become a national border for a long time; 8. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making it the territory of China forever. 2009-05-28 20:54[ Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the title of emperor, and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure. 1. When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north. According to historical records, "every hundred people bow their heads wherever they pass", "expanding thousands of miles to the north" and "the king of Qin swept six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire, established by Qin Shihuang at 20: 54 on May 28th, 2009, laid the foundation for China's political system to be more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13. The negative reason is that Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later all the rulers in China promoted Confucianism with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny. Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.