Overview
Modern official positions have only 6 major levels and 12 minor levels from stock level, department level, division level, department level, ministerial level to national leaders, while the ancient levels When the levels were established, there were 9 levels and 18 levels (9 levels and 30 levels). When doing level comparison, we had to align several regional levels. For example, the governor corresponds to the provincial level, the prefect corresponds to the department level, and the county magistrate corresponds to the division level.
Words used for changes in official positions in ancient times
1. Remove, appoint, confer, generally refers to removing old positions and granting new ones. For example, in Wen Tianxiang's "Afterword to the Guide", "I will remove the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy from the right, and supervise all the troops and horses." If it is "remove from the left", it means demotion and appointment.
2. Rewards are issued by the emperor to grant official positions, official titles or titles. For example, "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was specially rewarded."
3. Promotion, both through selection and promotion. The text "The Biography of Hai Rui" says: "Shi Rui has been promoted to the judge of Jiaxing and relegated to the judge of Xingguo Prefecture." Super promotion means leapfrog promotion. For example, "Tan Sitong": "The emperor promoted Zhang Jing to the rank of fourth-rank minister, and participated in the New Deal along with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi."
4. Move, change official position. The usage is more complicated, and there are three common situations. The first is promotion, such as "The Biography of Hai Rui": "Moved to Chun'an County Magistrate." Hai Rui was promoted from the original religious magistrate to the county magistrate. The second is reassignment, which is equivalent to transferring the official position of the original rank. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng" says: "I worship the doctor, and then move to the Taishi Ling." The new Taishi Ling has the same official rank as the old doctor. The third is demotion, that is, "moving to the left." Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing": "In the tenth year of Yuanhe, I moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County." This means that he was demoted to the Sima of Jiangzhou.
5. Relocation, changing to an official position, mostly refers to general transfer. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" says: "The official position he occupied never moved for many years." This means that Zhang Heng's official position has never been changed.
6. Relegation, official downgrade, equivalent to demotion. Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing": "I resigned from the imperial capital last year and was relegated to Xunyang City where I was sick."
7. Worship means conferring official positions, and appointing mostly refers to the emperor conferring official positions to his ministers. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Because Xiangru has great merits, he is worshiped as Shangqing." "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "The characteristics of the official car are worshiped as the doctor."
8. Go out and point out that Beijing was appointed. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Chu" in "At the beginning of Yonghe, Chu was the prime minister of Hejian" refers to the time when Zhang Heng left the capital and became the king of Hejian.
9. Go, resign. "Zhang Heng's Biography": "I left my post as a historian and returned after five years." The "go" here means to resign.
10. Depose, depose, remove from office. "Qu Yuan's Biography": "After Qu Yuan was deposed, Qin wanted to attack Qi, and Qi and Chu were close to each other." It should be noted that "depose" and "relegate" are the same, but there is a difference. Relegation comes from the emperor's edict, and sometimes demotion comes from It is the punishment of subordinate officials by superiors. The "deposed" in "Depose Zang Envoy" in "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi" refers to the punishment of "Zang Envoy" by "Taiwan Minister".
11. Release, exile. For example, in "Historical Records? Biography of Qu Yuan", "The whole world is turbid but I am alone in the clear. Everyone is drunk but I am alone in the clear. This is why I see release." The "release" in it means to be demoted and exiled. "Fang" sometimes also refers to the transfer of Beijing officials to other places. For example, "Fang" in "Tan Sitong" "is to put Ningxia magistrate and be promoted to Ningxia Road" means "appointment".
12. Zhi, promotion, refers to the promotion and promotion of officials. For example, in Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao": "The palace and the palace are all integrated into one body. It is not suitable to be similar or different." "Zhi" refers to promotion and advancement. "Zhi" is often used together with "depose" to express the advancement and retreat of talents. When someone is demoted, it is said to be "deposed". When he is promoted, it is said to be "zhi". For example, Han Yu's "Preface to Sending Li Pangu": "If you don't know how to organize chaos, you won't hear about it."
13. Seize, dismiss from office. For example, "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi" "The envoy then arrested and guarded him, coerced him into submission and took away his official position."
14. Stop and be dismissed from official position. "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi" "He also slandered the envoy, and the envoy was dismissed" means being dismissed from his official position.
15. Reinstatement, restoration of old position. The word "resume" in "The envoy of Zang was deposed in order to restore the official position" in "Shu Bo Ji Zhe Shi" refers to re-appointment and restoration of the old position.
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty in Chinese history. The emperor combined various powers. Summarizing the experience of various dynasties in history, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, weaken and divide the power of ministers, and prevent powerful ministers from usurping the throne, the Qing Dynasty established Established an official system that was different from previous dynasties.
The cabinet is equivalent to the State Council: In order to further centralize power, the Ming Dynasty did not establish institutions such as the prime minister and Zhongshu Sheng. The power of the prime minister was transferred to the cabinet, which handled national government affairs. The Qing Dynasty inherited this practice. The chief assistant bachelor of the cabinet and the co-organizer of the cabinet were both called Zhongtang, which was another name for the prime minister. However, the real power was controlled by the Military Aircraft Department. Officials serving in the Military Aircraft Department were called Military Aircraft Ministers, collectively referred to as Dajunji. , the subordinates of the military aircraft minister are called military aircraft Zhang Jing, also known as small military aircraft. These prime ministers are equivalent to members of the Politburo Standing Committee.
Central administrative agencies:
The Qing Dynasty followed the tradition of the Ming Dynasty and established six ministries (officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers), and ministers (majors and ministers in charge of the ministries) , minister, etc.) are called court officials. Since there are relatively few ministries, these ministers are equivalent to deputy prime ministers and ministers. The lieutenants, wailangs, principals, and seventh-rank Xiaojing officials of the subordinate departments are called Siguan.
In addition to the six ministries, the central administrative agencies that coexist with the six ministries include: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taipu Temple, Honglu Temple, Guozijian, Qintianjian, Hanlin Academy, and Imperial Hospital. , Lifanyuan, Zongrenfu, Zhanshifu, and Internal Affairs Office. It is equivalent to an agency directly under the central government.
Military system:
The Qing army was mainly divided into two systems: the Eight Banners and the Green Camp. The Eight Banners is divided into two parts: the Beijing Camp and the Garrison. Those who guard the emperor in the Beijing Camp are called the pro-army Beijing Garrison. The Guards Office (leading the Guards Office) is responsible for the internal ministers of the guards and the imperial ministers. The imperial ministers are in charge of the guards and guards of the Qing Dynasty. The emperor was accompanied by the Central Guard Corps when traveling, and his position was particularly powerful. Others guarding the capital include the Xiaoqi Battalion, the Forward Battalion, the Guard Battalion, the Infantry Battalion, the Jianrui Battalion, the Firearms Battalion, the Shenji Battalion, the Tiger Spear Battalion, and the Shanpu Battalion. The Xiaoqi Battalion is under the direct jurisdiction of the Eight Banners Capital; the Forward Battalion, the Guard Battalion, and the Infantry Battalion are each under the jurisdiction of a commander; since the Jianrui Battalion, the Firearms Battalion, and the Shenji Battalion are all special forces, they are under the jurisdiction of the President or the Minister of Management; and the Tiger Spear Battalion is a full-time retinue. , hunting, etc., are under the jurisdiction of the president; the Shanba Camp is dedicated to wrestling training.
The Eight Banners Garrison Military Region is stationed in important places across the country, with generals, commanders, deputy commanders, city guards, defense lieutenants and other officers depending on the situation. The generals in the interior are only in charge of military affairs, while the generals stationed in the frontiers are also in charge of civil affairs. The generals of the Qing Dynasty were given the title of Manchu officials, and in times of war, princes were appointed as generals.
The green camp is the Han army. Those stationed in the capital are called patrol camps and are under the jurisdiction of the infantry commander. The green camp's organizational structure is divided into Biao, Xie, Ying, and Flood levels. Biao is further divided into governor Biao, Fu Biao, Ti Biao, Zhen Biao, Military Biao, River Biao, Caobiao, etc., which are composed of governor, governor, admiral, and general soldier respectively. , the Eight Banners Garrison General, the River Governor, and the Water Transport Governor. Du Biao, Fu Biao, Jun Biao, He Biao, and Caobiao are all under concurrent jurisdiction. In fact, the green battalions of each province are independently organized as Ti Biao and Zhen Biao. The admiral is actually the highest military attache in a province, and the total number of soldiers is slightly lower than the admiral. Below the commander-in-chief, the deputy generals are affiliated to the association; those to the generals, guerrillas, commanders, and garrison commanders are battalions; and those to the commander-in-chief, commander-in-chief, and foreign affairs commissions are called floods.
Constitutional organization:
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty in setting up the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Supervisory Yuan. The Censor of the Left Capital and the Vice-Censor of the Left Capital were the officials of the Supervisory Board. Du Yushi is the additional title of governor and governor.
Local administration:
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, which was roughly divided into three levels: province, prefecture, and county. The governor and governor were senior local officials with administrative, military, and supervisory powers. The provincial party committee secretary , the provincial governor and the secretary of the political and legal committee are the subordinate officials of the governor and governor. Parallel to the governors and governors are the garrison generals, provincial military commanders and the admiral academic administrators. However, the garrison generals are only in charge of the garrison of the Eight Banners. The admiral academic administrators are only in charge of schools and imperial examinations, and their power cannot be compared with the governors and governors. There are prefectural committees at the provincial level. Dao is a supervisory area and is not considered a formal administrative area. There are mainly two types of roads: guarding roads and patrol roads, which also have military ranks. There are also some roads that do not belong to the second division of government or inspection, such as customs road, river management road, grain supervision road, salt law road, etc. Below the provincial level is the prefecture, which has officials such as the prefect, municipal party committee secretary, tongzhi, and tongpan. Parallel to the prefecture, there is the Zhili Department, which has tongzhi and tongpan. Below the prefecture are counties, which have magistrates, county party committee secretaries, county magistrates, chief registrars and other officials. Parallel to the counties are scattered halls, which have the same Zhili hall. In ethnic minority areas, special agencies are set up for management, namely chieftains, which are generally divided into two types: one is under the jurisdiction of military departments, such as the Xuanwei Department, the Xuanfu Department, the Appeasement Department, the Recruitment Department, the Chief Officials Department, etc. The chief officer is the Xuanwei Department. envoys, xuanfu envoys, pacification envoys, etc.; the other is under the jurisdiction of administrative departments, which also include prefectures, counties, etc. Officials are called local magistrates and local magistrates, and they are usually held by leaders of ethnic minorities.
The official system of the Qing Dynasty (general list) Wenjing internal officials, Wujing internal officials, Wujing external officials
The official levels of the Qing Dynasty were divided into "nine grades and eighteen grades", and each grade had a regular follower. Differently, those who are not within the eighteenth level are called unentered stream, and are attached to the ninth level in terms of level.