On August 8, 1945, according to the Yalta Agreement, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. In the early morning of the 9th, Soviet Red Army aircraft began bombing Japanese and puppet military facilities in Hailar and launched an attack on the Japanese garrison on one side of the border. At about 9 a.m., the commander of the Japanese troops stationed in the Hailar area, Major General Nomura Nomura Kamie, sent a staff officer to the military area headquarters. After explaining the Soviet offensive situation, he ordered the troops of the 10th military area to attack the first and second defense areas - the southern foot of the Daxingan Mountains that day. Set out in one area, and upon arrival, they would hold their positions to prevent the Soviet army from advancing. As a last resort, they would retreat gradually towards Zhalantun. At 5 pm that day, Guo Wenlin and Chief of Staff Zhengzhuerzabu led the headquarters and some troops to Nantun and met with the remaining troops of the 50th and 51st Cavalry Regiments there. When evacuating Hailar, according to the order of the Japanese commander, Guo Wenlin ordered the burning of more than 20 houses and more than 100 material and weapons warehouses and barracks in the headquarters, as well as a large number of documents and archives.
At two o'clock in the morning on the 10th, Guo Wenlin led more than 500 troops from Nantun. When setting off, he burned down the barracks, warehouses and officer dormitories there. In the morning of the same day, the troops arrived at the Sini River area to rest. While the troops were on the march and after arriving in the Sini River area, Guo Wenlin discussed the current situation with Chief of Staff Zhengzhuerzabu④ and felt that continuing to follow Japanese militarism would definitely not end well. The only way out was to take this opportunity to kill The Japanese officers in the unit then surrendered to the Soviet army. After the matter was decided, Zhengzhuerzabu found some reliable Mongolian officers to secretly discuss the specific action plan, and decided to first send unarmed personnel and patients (including Japanese) to Zhalantun in the rear; secondly, strive to send all Killed the Japanese officers in the unit, and then surrendered to the Soviet army. The action was scheduled for the morning of August 11.
While the troops were resting at the Sini River, the Japanese officers in the headquarters objected to the order issued by Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhuerzabu to "build fortifications on the spot and prepare for rectification and standby" and demanded that the troops quickly enter the defense area to block the Soviet army. . At this moment, Soviet planes dropped leaflets calling on the puppet Manchukuo officers and soldiers to recognize the situation, destroy the Japanese invading forces, and surrender to the Soviet army. The Soviet leaflets caused great shock in the troops, and also strengthened the determination and confidence of Guo and Zheng to lead their troops in the uprising. For the sake of caution, the officers' meeting was convened again on the evening of the 10th, and it was decided that when the troops took action the next morning, Chief of Staff Zhengzhu Erzabu would give a signal and take action together.
On the morning of August 11, the entire army marched towards Xing'an Mountains (actually this was part of the plan to confuse the Japanese officers), and the Japanese officers rode among the troops without warning. When the troops reached a place not far east of the Sini River Temple, Zhengzhuerzabu issued the order "the troops retreat" and company commander Magaser fired three shots in a row. The officers and soldiers with knowledge of the troops began to take action. Eliminate Japanese officers. After dozens of minutes of fierce fighting, more than 20 Japanese officers and sergeants were killed except for a few who escaped. According to a confession made by Shogyurzabu in September 1954, the Japanese officers who were killed include: Senior Adjutant Lieutenant Colonel Minamisaku Taro, Staff Captain Tomizawa Yoshihiro, Adjutant Kawaryu Captain, and Munitions Department Captain Lieutenant Colonel Shokanijima, Lieutenant Kowa Kowa of the Munitions Department, Lieutenant Minoru Sato of the Munitions Department, Lieutenant Sato of the Munitions Department, Lieutenant Colonel Satoshi Oi of the Veterinary Department, Major Matsumoto, Lieutenant Colonel Junpei Sakai, the baggage captain, Major Oshima of the Artillery Battalion, Artillery Battalion Company Captain Nagagosawa, a certain second lieutenant of the artillery battalion, communications captain Major Mizo Mori, deputy major of the 50th Cavalry Regiment Yasuo Hirasawa (I heard he ran away in the Soviet Union), deputy major of the 51st Cavalry Regiment Ise Eisaku, veterinarian Lieutenant Okada ( In the Soviet Union, I heard that he ran away), veterinarian Lieutenant Morimura, baggage company commander Captain Yamamoto, military police commander Lieutenant Colonel Nezei, military police captain Hirai, a certain lieutenant of the military police, three or four military members of the signal corps, two military personnel of the adjutant department, etc. .
It should be said that the planning of this incident was relatively thorough, and the uprising was completely successful, thus leaving a very glorious and far-reaching page in the modern history of Hulunbuir.
Afterwards, all the officers and soldiers in the army took off all the cap badges and epaulets of the puppet Manchukuo army, and the army was renamed the "First Xing-Mongolian-Han Army". At the same time, the then Solon Banner Chief Seren⑤ (Buryat Mongolian, Guo Wenlin’s Russian teacher) was invited to be a special envoy, carrying a Russian letter of surrender dictated by Zhengzhuerzabu and written by Seren to the Soviet army. Contact for surrender matters. In view of the fact that there were still Japanese troops in the direction of Hailar, they decided to surrender to the Soviet troops in Ulanha Regana (now the southern part of Ewenki Banner). On the 12th, according to the prior agreement, the entire army crossed the Yimin River, laid down their weapons at the designated location, and formally surrendered to the Soviet army. Subsequently, Guo and Zheng and Guo's adjutant E Xintai were sent to the rear headquarters by the Soviet army. On the 13th, Soviet aircraft airdropped the "Notice of Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhuerzabu Encouraging the Surrender of the Puppet Army Soldiers" printed with the photos of Guo and Zheng, calling on other troops in the Tenth Military District to lay down their weapons and surrender to the Soviet army. It was under the influence of this incident that more than 700 people from the 50th Cavalry Regiment were building fortifications in Honghuaerji on the southern line, and more than 400 people from the 51st Cavalry Regiment were building fortifications in the Haake area on the northern line. Under the leadership of the Japanese army, they killed Japanese officers in the army and surrendered to the Soviet army around August 15th. After that, the Soviet army housed troops from the Tenth Military District in Mongolia. Due to poor management and epidemics of disease, many people died in the shelter.
More than a month later, the Soviet army sent all the remaining personnel back to the former Japanese barracks in Hailar to build the Soviet Martyrs Memorial Tower. After completion, at the request of the Hulunbuir Local Self-Government, all were released home in early 1946 (the author's father Erden Batu, who was then a lieutenant platoon leader, was in the Haake area at that time and witnessed the killing of Japanese with his own eyes, and also participated in the construction of the memorial tower project).
3. The impact and significance of the Sini River Incident
As mentioned above, it was by no means accidental that Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhu Erzabu led and launched the Sini River Incident. There is not only the awakening of national consciousness caused by the series of perverse actions of the Japanese Kwantung Army, but also the unexpected development of the situation that prompted them to wake up and make this move. Of course, there is a "forced" nature here. If the Soviet Union had not declared war on Japan and the Soviet Red Army had not launched a full-scale attack, they might not have launched the Sini River Incident, at least not on August 11. However, we must also note that at that time - August 10, the Soviet Red Army had not yet exerted military pressure on the troops led by Guo and Zheng, and there had been no conflicts or battles between them. They decided to kill Japanese officers and surrender to the Soviet army after they learned that the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan. On the way south, they realized that Japan had been inevitably defeated and there was no way out if they continued to follow. At this point, we should affirm that they can still clearly understand the situation and can resolutely embark on the bright road at the critical moment of historical turning point. With Guo and Zheng leading the uprising, we can also think that during the War of Liberation, especially in the later period, weren't many Kuomintang troops forced to surrender due to military pressure from the People's Liberation Army? There are too many such examples. Therefore, whether it was active or forced, the impact and significance of the Sini River incident at the time cannot be underestimated. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First, it was a self-inflicted crime. After the Japanese army invaded and occupied the Hulunbuir area in December 1932, it was the first top-down armed uprising led and launched by ethnic minorities and mainly participated by ethnic minority soldiers, and it was participated by organized troops (this was far worse than what happened in Pueraria on the same day. The scale of the Miao 8·11 Uprising was much larger. The high level of its leaders, the wide range of soldiers involved, and the number of Japanese officers killed were all unmatched by the Kudzu Miao Uprising.) This was unique in Inner Mongolia at the time. The significance cannot be underestimated.
Secondly, the surrender of the main forces of the Tenth Military District led by Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhuerzabu accelerated the collapse of the Japanese army in the Hulunbuir area, accelerated the Soviet Red Army's liberation of Hulunbuir, and then the liberation of Northeastern my country. process.
Thirdly, because the main force of the Tenth Military District quickly revolted and surrendered, a bloody war with the Soviet Red Army was avoided, and a large number of ethnic minority soldiers were prevented from serving as cannon fodder in meaningless resistance. Get off the field and get yourself a way out.
Fourthly, while the troops who rebelled and surrendered in the Tenth Military District were taken into custody by the Soviet army, due to the education and enlightenment of Soviet and Mongolian personnel, they initially understood some revolutionary principles. Therefore, after they were released, they had Many people participated in the revolution and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Army, contributing to the birth of New China.
In short, we should affirm the Tiny River Incident. Although its motives may be "impure", its impact and significance cannot be underestimated. If in October 1932 Su Bingwen led his troops to swear an oath to resist Japan in Hailar, firing the first shot against the Japanese invaders in the Hulunbuir region, then in August 1945, Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhuerzabu followed the historical trend and led their troops to revolt. This brings a successful conclusion to the Hulunbuir region's fight against foreign invaders. The feats of Guo and Zheng leading their troops in the Sini River area will forever leave a glorious page in the struggle of the people of all ethnic groups in the Hulunbuir area against the Japanese invaders and in the modern history of Hulunbuir.
4. Thoughts triggered by the Sini River incident
After Guo Wenlin and Zhengzhuerzabu led their troops to surrender, the Soviet army first took them to Tamskbul in Mongolia Ga took him in, and later imprisoned him in Habrusk, Soviet Union, along with Puyi and other important officials of the puppet Manchukuo and senior Japanese generals. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union handed over important former puppet Manchukuo officials, including Puyi and Guo Wenlin, to China from the Suifenhe Port in July 1950 and sent them to the Fushun War Criminals Management Center. In December 1959, President Liu Shaoqi signed an amnesty order, and Guo Wenlin walked out of the war criminals management center. He first lived in the home of his eldest son in Hohhot, and then worked in a scrap collection station and woodware factory in Yuquan District. Due to his age, his children persuaded him not to work anymore, but he said that I still had to work and undergo labor reform (with a monthly income of more than 40 yuan). When he got the People's Republic of China and National Voter Card, he was very excited and said that he had turned a new leaf. After the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", due to his special status, relevant parties came to protect him and he was not affected. On September 5, 1969, Guo Wenlin died suddenly in Hohhot Hospital due to cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. In this way, a generation of lieutenant general commander of the puppet Manchukuo quietly completed the last 10 years of his life. Is it a tragedy or something else? I think that in the last 10 years of his life, and even extending forward for more than ten years, in the more than 20 years of President Xi Jinping’s life, people always felt that the second half of his life had a bitter taste. , it feels uncomfortable to read.
At the same time, it cannot help but trigger some thoughts for us:
First, after the founding of New China, there were only a few people declared as war criminals by the state, especially ethnic minority war criminals in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Zhengzhurzabu mentioned above is one of them, the second is Zhengzhuerzabu's elder brother, and Guo Wenlin is the third. In terms of ethnicity, the first two are Mongolian, while Guo is a Daur and the first and only war criminal among the Daur.
Second, the Kuomintang generals and war criminals who have been pardoned by the country in several batches were mostly captured on the battlefield during the Liberation War. As war criminals, it is necessary to undergo rehabilitation for 10 or more years. , as it should be. Guo Wenlin was not captured, but led his troops to be detained later. Due to the historical conditions at that time, it was impossible for him to lead his troops to surrender to the Chinese Communist Party. At that time, there was no Chinese Communist Party organization here, nor the armed forces it led - that was nearly a year later. . He could only lead his troops to surrender to the Soviet army. Did he surrender to the wrong door?
Thirdly, in 1957, the Supreme People's Procuratorate sent special personnel to Hailar to understand the confessions of Guo and Zheng about their surrender to Japan. The real situation of the surrendered Soviet army. Although it was stated in the conclusion that the surrender of Guo and Zheng led their troops "was of a forced nature, they had other plans before surrendering, and they had no choice but to surrender to the Soviet army after their attempt to go to Outer Mongolia failed to be realized," it still believed that " It is certain that the second criminal led his troops to surrender to the Soviet army before Japan surrendered." Since the main facts are certain, why should they still be regarded as war criminals? Perhaps their actions are not enough to make up for or mitigate the crimes they committed in the past ten years, and therefore will not be considered when sentencing. Perhaps this matter was not considered serious enough to warrant serious consideration, and therefore it was "overlooked" during sentencing. Obviously, there is some difference between affirming this incident and identifying a war criminal. This is relatively rare and a special case.
Fourth, if the above three points can be ignored, then the fourth point is really a pity. In the book history that the author has seen so far (referring to the official public publishers), no one mentions the Sine River incident, and few people talk about it. It’s okay if the outside world doesn’t know about it. Sadly, many people in Hulunbuir and ourselves don’t know about it. Isn’t this a pity? It is the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the 60th anniversary of the Sini River Incident. We have the responsibility and necessity to commemorate this significant event, deeply explore relevant materials, and promote research on the modern history of Hulunbuir.
Guo Wenlin may be a tragic figure. From him, we also think of Su Bingwen, who also suffered bad luck during the anti-rightist movement in 1957. However, the Haiman War of Resistance and the Sini River Incident led and launched by the two of them were earth-shattering and far-reaching.
Notes:
① Zhao Zhongren, once served as Hulunbuir aftermath supervisor and negotiator, and Hulunbuir Daoyin. After Japan invaded and occupied Heilongjiang Province, it was reduced to Hanxuan. Later, he was killed because of a rift with Cheng Zhiyuan (then a senator of the puppet Manchukuo Senate) who was also a traitor.
②Toshimitsu Terada (1884~1937) graduated from the artillery department of the Japanese Army Sergeant School and later chose to study at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He has been engaged in espionage activities in Hulunbuir for a long time. After Japan invaded and occupied the Hulunbuir area, he served as advisor to the North Xing'an Provincial Guard Army with the rank of colonel.
③Ling Sheng (1886~1936), courtesy name Yunzhi, was a member of the Daur ethnic group, Mozdenhara, and a native of the Ewenki Autonomous Banner of present-day Inner Mongolia. He once served as the general manager of the Erut Banner and the acting general manager of Solon's right wing. After the establishment of the puppet Manchukuo in 1932, he served as the governor of Hung Yen North Province. Because he was dissatisfied with Japanese rule, he was killed in Changchun by the Japanese Kwantung Army in April 1936 on the charge of "Tongmeng Tongsu".
④ Zhengzhuerzabu (1906~1968), also known as Han Xinbao and Han Shaode, was a Mongolian and a native of the Tumed Left Banner of the Zhuosotu League. His father, Babu Zabu, was engaged in "Manchuria-Mongolia independence" activities and was later beaten to death. Zhengzhu Erzabu went to Japan to study in the Artillery Department of the Military Academy. After 1937, he served as Colonel of the Puppet Manchukuo Cavalry and Colonel and Chief of Staff of the Xing'an Military Area. In March 1943, he was appointed as the Major General Chief of Staff of the Tenth Military District of the Puppet Manchukuo. In 1950, together with Guo Wenlin and others, he was transferred to China from the Soviet Union and imprisoned in Fushun War Criminals Management Center. He was pardoned in 1960 and placed in a job at Hailar Nursery. He hanged himself in February 1968.
⑤Seren (1897~1953), Buryat Mongolian. After the Russian October Revolution in 1917, he moved with his family to the Sini River area in Hulunbuir. He once served as the chief of the Ergun Left Banner, the Solon Banner, and the director of the Administrative Affairs Department of the Hulun Buir Local Autonomous Government.
⑥Su Bingwen (1882~1975), courtesy name Hanzhang, was born in Xinmin County, Liaoning Province. Graduated from Baoding Military Academy in 1914. He has successively served as colonel chief of staff, regimental commander, major general brigade commander, division commander, lieutenant general chief of staff of the Heilongjiang Provincial Military Supervision Office, lieutenant general brigade commander of the 15th Infantry Brigade and Hulunbuir garrison commander of the Northeast Army. Commander of the Haman Road Guard Army. After the founding of New China, he served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Heilongjiang Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1957, he was mistakenly classified as a rightist.