Qingdao, also known as Little Qingdao, is also known as Qindao, which is both a symbol and a microcosm of Qingdao's beauty.
They all refer to the small island on the north side of JIAOZHOU Bay where it enters the sea. This small island has an inseparable and important relationship with the development of Qingdao's history. It has always been valued by historians and sung by literati. However, due to the origin of the name of this small island and its relationship with Qingdao's name on land, its development and changes, and its meaning, there have been different explanations for decades. Today, There is not a unified view in many publications. This paper tries to make a research on the following issues based on the historical data that have been published successively in decades.
A
Qingdao originally refers to an island in the sea on the north side of Haikou, Jiaozhou Bay, with an area of only .12 square kilometers, more than 17 meters above sea level, and the north side is more than one Li (about 72 meters) away from the land. Jimo County Records, Tongzhi Edition of Qing Dynasty, Volume I "Island" Hundreds of miles southwest of the county ".It means that Qingdao is located in the sea hundreds of miles southwest of Jimo County. This island in the sea is marked in the" Landscape Map of Mountains and Rivers "and" Seven Villages Map ".It is also clearly stated in Jiaoao Zhi that" Qingdao is less than one nautical mile in Qingdao Bay ",so it is named Qingdao because of its" beautiful rocks and clear forests ".
About. The name of Qingdao has been recorded in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and there is a name of Qingdao in Jiajing's Miscellaneous Works by Zheng Kaiyang. Xu Ding, who was the magistrate of Jimo County in the sixth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1578), wrote in the article "Discussion on Local Matters and Coastal Defence": "The southeast coast of this county, that is, the eastern boundary of China, has no Tianjin, but the island Luozhi is in the meantime. The island is habitable. Three years (A.D. 188) ... It was established in Banqiao City, Mizhou "(see Song History? Ban qiao is now jiaozhou city on the coast of Jiaozhou Bay. Similar to the current customs and port management agencies, the "Municipal Shipping Department" is in charge of inspecting ships entering and leaving the harbor, collecting business taxes, purchasing government monopoly goods and managing foreign businessmen. The establishment of Banqiao Municipal Shipping Department made Jiaozhou Bay the only trading port in northern China at that time with frequent shipping, and all cargo ships must pass through the estuary of Jiaozhou Bay before reaching ban qiao. Qingdao is located on one side of the important waterway at the estuary of Jiaozhou Bay. It is impossible that there is no other name of Qingdao or Qingdao, but we haven't seen any record of it.
At the same time the name of Qingdao appeared, the name of Qingdao Port also appeared. It is clearly recorded in the inscription "Reorganizing the Old Rules" written by Nvgu Kou in Jiaozhou Bay: "I told the public to invite Qingdao, Nvgu and other ports to sail by sea, so there were thousands of ships. The village by the bay is called Qingdao village; The river in the south of the village is called Qingdao River. The mountain in the southeast of the village is called Qingdao Mountain.
"Qingdao Mouth" generally refers to the bays around Qingdao, ranging from the present Luxun Park to the headland around Tuandao. It is the name of "Qingdao", which is the name of the transition from the sea to the land, and its connotation includes both Haikou and the land by the sea. The "Qingdao Mouth" has been included in the "Haikou Map" of Jimo County Chronicle of the Qing Dynasty. There is a Fushan Institute in the east of Qingdao. According to the Sushi Genealogy of Fushan Institute, "Hong Wu set the tripod, conferred the title of hereditary general of martial arts, granted thousands of noble families with royal vouchers, and awarded the Fushan Institute of Aoshan Wei ..... nine families with the same title, four families with the same title, Ding, Zhan, Hou and Ge, and thirteen families with * * *. Some military families and coastal fishermen have also settled here, and gradually developed into a big village, renamed Qingdao Village (once Qingdao Village and Shangqingdao Village respectively). According to Jiao 'ao Zhi, "Qingdao Village was originally a gathering place for fishing boats, and three or four old residents mostly made a living by fishing." Qingdao Village is located on the other side of Qingdao, so why it is called Qingdao Village has not been described, but from the characteristics of place names in China, it is analyzed. Haikou, Xiaohe and Hill near Qingdao Village are also named after Qingdao. After the initial construction, most of the residents of Qingdao Village are fishermen. With the gradual opening of Qingdao Port by sea, the number of sailors from the north and the south has gradually increased. Fishermen and sailors went out to sea to pray for the safety of the sea gods, so in the third year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1467), they built a Tianhou Palace on the west side of Qingdao Village to worship the "Queen of Heaven". "Jiao Ao Zhi" says: "The Sacrifice of the Queen of Heaven" Therefore, there is always a temple on the coast. "A few years ago, in the discussion of" Qingdao used to be a small fishing village "in Qingdao Evening News, there were several opinions on whether Qingdao was a small fishing village before the German occupation. As far as we know, before the German occupation of Jiaoao, Qingdao was no longer a small fishing village, but a prosperous town. In order to explain this problem, we have to talk about it from the time when Qingdao Village was established. As mentioned above, Qingdao In the place where farmers began to work for military families, some fishermen later settled here and developed into a big village. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Qingdao Port in front of Qingdao Village was turned into a maritime trading port, so "a hundred things gathered together and thousands of ships sailed in the clouds". It should be said that Qingdao Village was not a small fishing village at this time, but a trading port with a certain scale.
By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the trade at Qingdao Port had developed more than before. The name of Qingdao has moved from Qingdao in the sea to the land, and the land around Qingdao Village is commonly known as Qingdao. In June of the fourth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1865), it was clearly recorded in the "Inscription on the Fundraising Theater" which rebuilt the Tianhou Palace: "It has been more than 1 years since it was founded, so far tourists and businessmen have gathered here ..." This is the earliest thing we have seen about "Qingdao" It can be said to be the earliest "Qingdao area". Moreover, "Qingdao has been founded for more than a hundred years", which should be the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1736 ~ 1795) from Tongzhi. In this way, Qingdao has a history of more than 2 years since it opened its port. The historical development time of "Qingdao" has been advanced by more than a hundred years. The Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty was thirteen years. Another inscription in the existing Tianhou Palace records: "Gaiwen Tianhou became a god with filial piety, cared for the people with kindness, and cared for the country with benevolence, which made Zeqia Bochen. But the tourists and businessmen gathered here, especially because of their lack of enthusiasm, so they all thought about paying for their holiness and virtue. At the mouth of Qingdao, Moyi, the old Tianhou Palace was properly deified, but it was not large enough to be spectacular ..., and Hongge was not even impressive. It can be said that the town is all over the world ... "Big ships and huge ships are moored end to end in Qingdao, which is a busy scene of economy and trade. The scale of Tianhou Palace has been greatly expanded and it has become a famous port. Can a commercial port of this scale be said to be a small fishing village? In the 12th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1886), Xu Jingcheng, the envoy of Qing Dynasty to Germany, said in his book "A Fold of Matters to Be Done in Chen Haijun": "When Yantai was not open to ports, the Qingdao area was full of navigation and business berthing, which was comparable to the shortage of scattered land." Xu Jingcheng, after learning that western powers coveted Jiaozhou Bay, suggested that the Qing court should fortify it in Jiaozhou Bay. In the same year, the Qing court sent Taoist Liu Hanfang and the general commander Lang Wei. The mouth of Qingdao is 47 or 8 feet high, which is related to the city. The land belongs to Jimo, and the mountains come from Laoshan. "It is clearly stated that at this time, Qingdao has a city, and the" city "should be a fair trade, and" customs "refers to the customs that collect taxes. In June of the seventeenth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1891), the Qing court decided to fortify Qingdao and dispatched Gaoyuan Zhang, the chief soldier of Dengzhou Town, to move to Qingdao. Qingdao has become a fortified town. In March of the 23rd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1897), that is, more than half a year before German occupation, there were more than 6 commercial shops in Qingdao's mouth: "In addition to the six newly rented houses from Jimo, Pingdu, Jinkou and Haiyang, there are chariots, horses, hotels, honglu I, ready-made clothes, estimated clothes, Luofa III and Youfang. There are six meat and fish salt shops, one for shoes and hats, one for leather goods, three for gauze and silk shops and Guangyang grocery stores, nine for pubs and restaurants, one for sauce gardens and bean curd shops, and three for cakes and tea, accounting for 65. "And a large amount of import and export trade is carried out." The most exported products are pigs, peanuts, crude oil, soybean oil, bean cakes, white wax and pears; Imports are mostly foreign groceries, fine white cotton cloth, cotton yarn, silks and satins, sugar, tung oil and bamboo wood. "(See Hu Cunyue's Notes on Haiyuntang). Before the German occupation, Qingdao was by no means a small fishing village, but a prosperous coastal town.