Human nature is evil, and the good are also false. Today's human nature is born with good and good, so it is a struggle for life and death; Born with disease and evil, follow it, so thieves are born with loyalty to death; It is appropriate to have a natural desire for eyes and ears and a good sense of sound and beauty, so * * * is naturally polite and liberal arts. However, from the perspective of human nature (2), following people's feelings will lead to competition, which is suitable for committing chaos and returning to violence. Therefore, there must be a way to learn the law, a way of courtesy and righteousness, and then return to governance out of resignation, in line with the arts and sciences. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false. So holly will be straightened and then straightened, and dark gold will be sharpened and then sharpened. The viciousness of today's people must first be a teacher, then a righteous one, and then a cure. Today, a man without a teacher is dangerous and unjust, while a rude one is chaotic and incurable. The ancient holy king regarded human nature as evil, thought it was dangerous but not right, and died in chaos. Thinking that it is a courtesy, pretending that human emotions are correct, is also a guide to disturb human emotions. From the beginning, it was out of cure and suitable for Tao. Today's people, those who study the law, those who accumulate articles, those who are polite and righteous, are also gentlemen; Those who are temperamental and peaceful and violate etiquette and righteousness are also villains. However, from this point of view, human nature is evil and clear, and good is false.
【 Precautions 】 ① Disease: jealousy, jealousy. 2 from: pass the "vertical" and indulge. Road 3: guide. ④ Hook: Go through the "hook" bend. Y ǐ n Kuà hidden expansion: a tool for correcting bent wood. ⑤ lóng: grinding. Li: Same as "Li", whetstone.
Mencius said, "A scholar is good in nature." Yue: No. It is better to know human nature than to observe the difference between human nature and falsehood. Everything that is sexual is natural, and you can't learn or do things; People who are courteous and righteous, born of saints, and those who learn, act in moderation. Those who can't learn and do things are called (1), those who can learn and do things are called fake. This is the difference between sex and falsehood. Today's human nature can be seen with eyes and heard with ears. The husband can see clearly without leaving his eyes, listen attentively without leaving his ears, see clearly without listening, and learn clearly. Mencius said: "Today's people are good, and they all lose their sex." Say: if it is, it will pass. Today's human nature, born of its simplicity, will be lost and lost. However, with this view, it is obvious that human nature is evil. The so-called good man is beautiful without leaving his simplicity, and beneficial without leaving his roots. Let her husband's capital be simple and beautiful, and her mind be kind. If the husband can see clearly without leaving his eyes, he can listen attentively without leaving his ears, so his eyes are bright and his ears are alert. Today's human nature, hunger is full, cold is warm, fatigue is rest, and this person's affection is also. If you are hungry today and dare not eat first, you will give in; People who work hard and dare not ask for interest will be replaced. The resignation of the master depends on the father, the resignation of the younger brother depends on the elder brother, the replacement of the son depends on the father, and the replacement of the younger brother depends on the elder brother. Both walkers are against sex and love. However, filial piety is also the art of propriety and righteousness. Therefore, if you have compassion, you won't give up, and giving up is contrary to your feelings. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
[Note] ① Person: Suspect should be the word "Tian". 2 Park: Simple. 3 Endowment: Material refers to natural endowment. 4 length: respect.
The questioner said, "Human nature is evil, and propriety and righteousness are evil?" It should be said that people who are polite and righteous are born in the vanity of saints, not in human nature. Therefore, Taoist priests are embarrassed to make utensils, but utensils are born of industrial falsehood, not human nature. Therefore, workers are made of wood, but utensils are born in vain, not human nature. Sages think, learn from fallacies and judge by courtesy, but those who judge by courtesy are born from sages' fallacies, not from human nature. If a husband has lustful eyes, good ears, good taste, good heart and good skin care, he will be born with human feelings, feeling natural, and wait until things are born. A man who thinks he can't do it, but must wait until something happens, is said to have been born in Pseudo-4. Born of sex, born of falsehood, its uniqueness also. Therefore, the sage turns into a pseudo, pseudo-generation, ritual generation, and ritual generation. However, people who are polite and righteous are born of saints. Therefore, saints are different because they are different. Therefore, everything that is different from others is fake. A man who wants what he wants is also affectionate. Fake people have rich brothers, and they need them by feeling. If they do, their fraternity will take it away. And the arts and sciences of propriety and righteousness, if so, let the people go. So, if you are compassionate, your brothers will fight, if you are polite, you will let the people. There are good and evil desires of mortals. The husband is thin and willing to be thick, the evil is willing to be beautiful, the narrow is willing to be wide, the poor is willing to be rich, and the base is willing to be expensive. If there is nothing inside, you must look outside; Therefore, if you have money, you don't want money, and if you are expensive, you don't want power. If you are in the middle, you might as well be outside. From this perspective, people's desires can be divided into good and evil. Today's human nature is rough, so learning and seeking something is also strong; Sex is impolite, and it is also worth thinking about and learning. However, being born a man will be rude and have no manners. Those who are rude and take justice are chaotic, and those who don't know etiquette are rebellious. However, once born, it was chaotic. From this perspective, human nature is evil and good is false.
[Notes] ① Therefore: Originally. (2) shān zhí Shanzhi: mixed with clay. ③ Worker: Be a "Ren Tao". 4 Born in: When Yan Wen. 5 language: itself.
Mencius said, "Human nature is good." Yue: No. All so-called good people in ancient and modern times should be treated fairly and peacefully; The so-called evil people are in danger. There is a difference between good and evil. Is it sincere to treat evil with human nature? Then there is the evil use of the holy king and the evil use of etiquette! Despite the sacred king's courtesy, it is also right to talk.an excellent corpse. Otherwise, human nature is evil Therefore, the ancient sages regarded human nature as evil, considered it dangerous but not right, and rebelled against chaos and died. Therefore, they established the monarch's momentum in the face of it, and clearly wanted to reform the etiquette, formulate laws to govern it, and ban it with heavy punishment, so that the whole world would be well governed and suitable for doing good. It is the rule of the holy king and the transformation of etiquette and righteousness. Now it's time to try to look at the monarch's situation, to be rude and just, to be ruled by law and justice, to be free from punishment, and to look at the people of the world. If it is, the husband is strong and takes it away, the public is violent and arrogant, and the chaos in the world cannot wait for a while. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false. Therefore, if the past is good, there will be festivals today, and if heaven is good, others will have a levy. Where the theory is concerned, you have a distinction (4) and test it. Therefore, the aspect of sitting can be set and implemented. Today, Mencius said that "human nature is good" and there is no identification and verification. As far as sitting is concerned, it is not too much to start without execution. Therefore, if you are kind, you will go to the sage, and you will be polite; Malignant is related to the holy king, which is expensive and positive. Therefore, the life of a cockroach is also a eucalyptus tree; From the beginning of rope ink, it is not straight; Li Jun, Li Yi, inherent vice. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false. Straight wood is not equal, and its nature is straight; Dog wood must be straightened and then straightened because it is not straight. The viciousness of today's people must be governed by the holy king, and the ceremony and righteousness will be transformed, and then all of them will be treated as good. However, in this view, human nature is evil and clear, and human nature is good and false.
[Note] ① When trying: it should be "trying". 2 tilt: vertical. Section III: Inspection. (4) Discrimination: A voucher used in ancient lending is divided into two parts, one for each.
The questioner said, "It is human nature to accumulate vanity, propriety and righteousness, and only saints can be born." Answer: Yes or no, Taoism is born with tiles, but tiles are not the nature of Taoism. Workers are born of wood, but is it also the nature of workers? A saint is born in courtesy and righteousness, and a gentleman is born in pottery. However, if propriety and righteousness are forged, what is human nature? Human nature, Yao, Shun, Jie and Zhi, its nature is also; A gentleman is like a villain. Today, we will pile up false humanity with courtesy? However, there are expensive Yao and jade, and you are a gentleman. Anyone who values Yao, Yu and the gentleman can change nature, be false, and be false and have a gift. However, saints are also the students of propriety and righteousness, and they are also the students of Tao. However, from this point of view, those who accumulate falsehood in etiquette and righteousness are not people. It is better to be a hero, a wise man and a villain, to follow the nature, to follow the feelings, to enjoy themselves, and to compete for greed and profit. The old man's nature is evil and clear, but good and empty. Heaven is not selfish and filial to others. However, what about those who are only thicker than the reality of filial piety and are under the banner of filial piety? It is also a matter of courtesy and righteousness. Heaven is not private, but outside the Qin people. However, in terms of the meaning of father and son and the difference between husband and wife, it is not as good as Qi and Lu's respect for his father. Qin people's obedience, peace and indulgence to emotions are slower than courtesy. Are they different in nature?
[Notes] ① Bi: By analogy, for example. 2 is: pass "you". ③ Zeng and Qian: refers to Zeng Shen and Min Ziqian, students of Confucius, both of whom are famous for their filial piety. Filial piety: Yin's prince has filial piety. ④ Tools: When in doubt, use the word "work" instead of "work". Father: It should be Wen.
What do you mean by "killing people is metaphorical"? Yue: Anyone who is Yu is regarded as a righteous person. However, there is a principle of knowing the possibility of benevolence and justice. However, the people who painted it all have the quality of knowing righteousness and understanding the law, and all have the tools to understand righteousness, but it is Yu Ming. Benevolence, righteousness, and law are solid, and there is nothing that cannot be known. But there is only one person who doesn't know righteousness and can't be righteous. Will the discredited people fail to know the quality of benevolence and righteousness, but fail to do the evil of benevolence and righteousness? And those who daub it can't know the meaning of father and son inside and the meaning of monarch and minister outside. Otherwise. People who paint today can know the meaning of father and son, the meaning of monarch and minister, and what they can know from outside, but the quality of what they can know and what they can do are clear to the people who paint. Today, people who smear people can know their qualities, abilities, benevolence and righteousness, and possibilities, but it can be Yu Ming. Today, the person who painted this picture is studying, focusing on one purpose and thinking about what to examine. If you stay in Rijun for a long time, you will be connected with the gods and towering. Therefore, saints are the product of human beings. He said: "saints can accumulate, and none can accumulate." Why? " You can, but you can't. So a villain can be a gentleman but not a gentleman, and a gentleman can be a villain but not a villain. A villain and a gentleman can't be at odds, and those who are at odds can and can't. Therefore, it is not inevitable that the painter can be Yu, and the painter can be Yu. Although it can't be Yu, it can be Yu. Enough to travel around the world, but no one can travel around the world. Husband, craftsman, farmer and Jia can't do things for each other, but they can't do things for each other. In this way, yes, but not necessarily; Although it can't, it can be harmless. However, whether it is possible or not is far from clear.
[Notes] ① Tu: Dao. 2: Pass "though", even if. 3 volts: pass "service" and obey; Learn 4 counties: the same as "hanging", hanging for a long time.
Yao asked Yu Shun, "What about human feelings?" Shun said to him, "human feelings are not beautiful, so why ask more questions?" A wife is filial to her relatives, lustful to her friends and loyal to her husband. Human feelings! Human feelings! Why ask if it's not beautiful? " Only good people are not. There are saints, gentlemen, villains and servants. If you talk a lot, you can talk about it. Finally, we can discuss its reasons. Words are ever-changing, and their uniformity is also the knowledge of saints. If you talk less, you will save yourself. If you talk about law, it is a gentleman's study. His words are flattering, his behavior is contradictory, and his behavior is even more regrettable. This is my insight. Giving is sensitive and classless, and it is useless to be distracted by distractions. It is also a servant's knowledge to analyze which is faster and which is not urgent. Do not care about right and wrong, regardless of right and wrong, in order to win the favor of others. There are brave, there are brave, there are brave. There is something in the world, dare to be straight; The late king had a way and dared to do whatever he wanted; Troubled times don't follow the king, troubled times follow the people; There is no poverty in the place of benevolence, and there is no wealth in the death of benevolence; If the world knows it, it wants to share joys and sorrows with the world; The world is brave if it doesn't know it, is independent from heaven and earth and is fearless. Ritual and frugality, loyalty and wealth, saints dare to push it, and unscrupulous dare to help it, which is brave. Light skin and heavy hands, relieve all disasters, be lenient with others, regardless of right and wrong, but beyond that, in order to win the favor of others, it is courage.
[Notes] ① Theory: Introduction to Theory, preface. (2) Report: Preface. 3 Flattery (tāo): Ridiculous. 4 regret. ⑤ Lateral spirit: the same as "lateral thinness". ⑥ Essence: Aggregation through "extraction". ⑦ Tian: An.
Numerous and weak, giant millet (1), ancient and good bow, however, can't be corrected (2) Huan Gong's green onion (3), Taigong's Bian Que, Wang Wen's record, Zhuang Junmeng, He Lv's general, Mo Xie, Ju Que and Green (4) are all good swords in ancient times, but they can't be sharpened without hard work and can't be broken without manpower. Huayi, Ji, and Qing 'er were all good horses in ancient times. However, there must be a title system before, and then there will be the power to spur, and then there will be the control of Zao Fu, which will take a long time. Although a lady is beautiful in nature and knows her heart, she will definitely seek a wise teacher and do things, and choose a good friend as her friend. Learn from the sages, and learn from Yao, Shun, Yu and Tang. If you have a good friend, you will be loyal and respectful to the people you see. Those who are benevolent and don't know it are not willing to do so. Today, if you are unkind to others, the people you hear will cheat you, the people you see will be filthy, lewd and greedy, and you will be punished unconsciously. Sichuan said, "I don't know if my son regards his friend, and I don't know if my husband regards his left and right." It's embarrassing. It's embarrassing.
[Notes] ① Fan Wei and Xiao Ju: Both are the names of ancient good bows. ② qíng clear: an instrument for assisting crossbows. ③ Onion: the name of Qi Huangong's good sword. The following "Que", "Lu" and "Hu" are all good swords. (4) Ganjiang, Mo Xie, Suzaku and Green are all good swords of He Lv, the king of Wu. ⑤ Huayi, Xiji, Li Xian and Qinger: all good horse names in ancient times. 6 frustration: through "rubbing", edifying and influencing.
Appreciation of human nature is one of the core contents of Confucian philosophy. It is clearly recorded that there is only one sentence in Confucius' exposition on human nature, that is, "Similar in sex, far in learning" (The Analects of Yang Huo). From this sentence, we can't judge what human nature is and what is the relationship between human nature and good and evil. However, this sentence has left endless controversy for future generations. Mencius and Xunzi, two great scholars, held their own words, and played the banner that "good nature" and "evil nature" were incompatible, which also became the focus of discussion on human nature by thinkers of past dynasties. Among them, Xunzi's "theory of evil nature" may be criticized for its profound disagreement with China's traditional etiquette culture.
Guo Moruo once said in "Ten Books of Criticism": "Xunzi, the general master, is quite domineering of Mencius. He is eager to get married, so he often does something unconventional, and some places are forced. His theory of evil nature is deliberately opposed to Mencius' theory of good nature. "This statement may explain some problems, but it seems biased to explain Xunzi's theory of evil nature simply by seeking differences. Confucius, Mencius and Xun were all born in troubled times, but Confucius was in the late Spring and Autumn Period and Mencius was in the middle of the Warring States Period, and the social and political situation was relatively better. Xunzi lived at the end of the Warring States period, and everyone contended for good looks, while gentlemen and villains shared evil. The sinister social environment he felt was far above Confucius and Mencius. Therefore, Xunzi's theory of evil nature should be said to be the result of the times.
From "good nature" to "evil nature" and from "benevolent governance" to "rule by courtesy" is a process of gradual derivation and gradual change, which shows a change in the political orientation of Confucianism, that is, it is more committed to solving social problems at that time with realistic externalization plans, and no longer hopes for complete trust in beautiful human nature. Both the theory of evil nature and the theory of good nature are idealistic transcendentalism, but compared with the latter, the former is more real in private ownership society and carries some one-sided but profound truths. Because of its profundity, it is deeply recognized by many people who have insight into the cold world of the secular world; Because of one-sidedness, it failed to become a unified cultural concept. From this point of view, although Xunzi's "theory of evil nature" can be continuously paid attention to because of its great controversy, it is not accepted by the society like other human nature propositions, such as the "theory of good and evil" put forward by Shi Shuo during the Warring States Period.
Compared with the extreme thinking of "human nature is good" and "inherent vice", the theory of "human nature is good" represents a neutral theory, which embodies the golden mean characteristics of China traditional culture. As a compromise and integration of positive and negative aspects of human nature, it seems to be more in line with the truth of human nature and more instructive to social politics. It not only warns politicians not to expect officials to be honest and self-disciplined when they are in power, because "it is human nature to swallow elephants when people are lacking in heart", and effective supervision and punishment systems are needed to curb the breeding of evil; It also reminds people not to lose confidence in conscience and justice because of some ugly aspects of human nature, because "the accumulation of goodness is not limited to family celebration" is where heaven lies, and evil can only occupy a non-mainstream position in the ultimate sense.