I. Classical Chinese and Vernacular Chinese
Maybe now many people don't understand the difference between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. Now let's talk about it separately.
The first "article" in "classical Chinese" refers to a written article. "Speech" refers to writing, expression and recording. The last "text" refers to works, articles, etc. A that represents the genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and straightforward oral language"
"Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Ancient vernacular is a written language formed on the basis of northern dialects after Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, Bianwen in the Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang popular literature works, Song scripts, Jin and Yuan operas and Ming and Qing novels are all representatives of ancient vernacular. Although ancient vernacular Chinese is vernacular Chinese, it is different from the vernacular Chinese we speak today. Generally speaking, it is mainly spoken, mixed with some classical Chinese elements. Even spoken English is not so easy to read today because of the differences in regions and times, so we call it "ancient vernacular" (the ancient vernacular formed from the late Tang and Five Dynasties to the May Fourth Movement, which is generally called modern Chinese in academic circles).
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
Second, the recitation method guidance:
Classical Chinese requires memorization and dictation of many articles, and students can basically memorize them, but it is not so easy to avoid missing words, adding words, changing words, reversing word order and writing typos, let alone memorizing some sentences understandably. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of senior high school entrance examination, dictation should be meticulous, accurate, word for word, profound in understanding and flexible in application.
Step 1: Read aloud. Reading is really a good way to recite. In your own Xiaotian, you might as well read ancient poems aloud for more than five times in a row. On the one hand, reading can strengthen your familiarity with the article. On the other hand, with the increase of reading times, you will gradually deepen your understanding of the content of the article, that is, your own feelings and experiences about the article, and have a deeper understanding of the author's purpose in writing this article. This is what the ancients said: "Reading a hundred times is self-evident". In addition, with the deepening of reading, you will better understand the meaning of each sentence. Some students will immediately understand the meaning of an ancient Chinese sentence, which is the result of being quite familiar with ancient Chinese. This step is well done and lays a good foundation for the translation of the following sentences.
Step 2: Recite aloud. On the basis of reading aloud in front, you can now forget the book completely and recite it aloud. You will find that the first and second times are a bit stiff, and the third and fourth times are quite smooth. By the fifth and sixth time, you have completely mastered the full text, and there will be no missing words, adding words or reversing the word order. It's hard for you to recite wrong at this time. In these two steps, reading aloud is the key, because reading aloud is the repetition of human memory function, which can play a dual role in memory, and reading aloud also enables students to find and check their mistakes at any time. Especially for some students with poor reciting accuracy, reciting aloud is the best solution.
The third step: after reciting the article, it is to ensure the correct rate of words. At this time, you can pick up the book again, read it line by line, and practice the words that are easy to write mistakes several times to ensure that you don't change your words or write typos. This step is the crowning touch. If you can't do it well, your previous efforts will be in vain and you should take it seriously.
Step 4: Sketch out the famous sentences of each ancient prose (such as "Worry before the world, happiness after the world"), reveal the theme, the central key sentence (such as "I am humble, but I am virtuous and fragrant"), the sentence describing the landscape environment (such as "lush trees, swaying posture, swaying posture") and the sentence expressing the author's mood. In order to understand the need of memory, recite these sentences and understand their functions in the text.
Step 5: Do some understandable reciting questions, chew the requirements of the stem carefully, grasp the key words and think about what to answer, and pay attention to the possibility of making some subtle changes when answering questions.
The sixth step: it is relatively simple to understand the comprehensible recitation of an ancient text; It is much more difficult to find sentences that meet the stem requirements in all articles. This can only require students to accumulate more and master more, such as accumulating some sentences describing scenery, cruel war, peace-loving, carefree mood, natural environment, friendship and so on. , classification, consciously and gradually expand the scope of their collection, choose the sentence that best meets the requirements of the question type when answering questions, to ensure foolproof.
Third, how to master the translation methods of classical Chinese.
Now many students are worried about reading classical Chinese. How to improve your reading ability quickly? This is what many students want to know. In fact, as long as you recite more and practice classical Chinese, you can quickly master the skills of translating classical Chinese. Let's talk about the translation methods of classical Chinese today!
The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
Specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing.
Requirements of classical Chinese translation
Classical Chinese translation is first of all "faithfulness and elegance". "Faithfulness" means accuracy, that is, loyalty to the original intention, without adding, adding or leaking, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Everything that can be translated literally is translated word for word according to the original text, and the words that can be implemented concretely are implemented in translation as much as possible, keeping the characteristics of the original sentence: "Da" means fluency, no language errors, conforming to the expression habit, and encountering different meanings from ancient times to the present. The translation should be vivid and vivid, and the writing style of the original text should be perfectly expressed.
Secondly, the translation method of "stay, supplement, delete, change and tune": "stay" means to keep, and words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times can be kept, so just copy them without translation; "Complement" is to supplement the components omitted in classical Chinese but not in modern Chinese; "Delete" means delete. That is to say, modern Chinese vocabulary is used to replace ancient Chinese vocabulary: "tune" means "adjustment", which means to distinguish the word order of ancient Chinese sentences from that of modern Chinese to make it conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese.
Thirdly, the translation steps from "meaning" to "operation": "meaning" refers to reading the whole text, grasping the main idea of the article, and on this basis, clarifying who the sentence is written and what it is written, or grasping the basic viewpoints and principles of the article; "Operation" means word-for-word translation, checking whether the meaning is clearly expressed, whether it corresponds before and after translation, whether the context is consistent, and whether the meaning matches the context.
Principles of classical Chinese translation
In the process of translating classical Chinese, we must follow the principle of "every word has its place, combining literal translation with free translation, and giving priority to literal translation". This requires us to translate every word in a sentence in a specific way. As long as it has a certain real meaning, we must implement it word by word and occupy the corresponding seat. When translating, we should directly change the classical Chinese into the corresponding modern Chinese according to the meaning and word order of the original text, so that words are inseparable from words and sentences. If the meaning is not smooth after literal translation, free translation should be used as an auxiliary means to make the meaning of the sentence as perfect as possible.
Translation methods of classical Chinese
Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability.
Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs.
The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.