Shuttlecock is called "throwing feet" in ancient times, and it is also called "swallow" by ancient scholars. There is a poem description of "kicking the fragrant wind and throwing a jade swallow".
Shuttlecock is also recorded in ancient books. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhai Hao's "Popular Compilation" Volume 31 "Zi" article says: "Wu Ci Bu": "Throwing your feet is a joke." Shuttlecock is divided into two parts: shuttlecock thallium and shuttlecock feather. Shuttlecock thallium is made of round lead, tin, iron sheet or copper coins, and shuttlecock hair is made of feathers. The book "Story of Yanjing at the Age of Years" says: "The rower will pad the leather money, line the copper money, tie the feathers and tie the belt." There are many ways to kick shuttlecock. "Kicking shuttlecock" in Ruan Kuisheng's Tea Idle Guest Talk said: "Among them, there are hundreds of shuttlecocks."
Shuttlecock kicking has a long history, but there is no exact record showing when it started. Ancient famous textual research scholars believe that kicking shuttlecock originated from Cuju. For example, Song Gaocheng called kicking shuttlecock "the legacy of cuju" in Shuo Yuan. As for "Cuju players, it is said that they were played by the Yellow Emperor, or during the Warring States Period" (Biography of Historical Records of Su Qin quoted Pei Zhi and Liu Xiang's Bielu), so the history of kicking shuttlecock can be traced back to the Warring States Period and even the distant era of the Yellow Emperor.
Before the Tang Dynasty, the bow was "wrapped in hair" (A Book for Beginners), which was similar to shuttlecock feathers and was also a "game of throwing feet", so the bow and shuttlecock did have some blood relationship. According to the textual research of cultural relics, the image of kicking shuttlecock has been found on the portrait brick of Han Dynasty. According to this inference, kicking shuttlecock originated in the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago at the latest. By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people had been able to kick shuttlecock skillfully and skillfully. The Biography of Monks, a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, records: "When 12 years old, Shaman Huiguang kicked shuttlecock in Tianjie Well for 500 years, and everyone watched it with great noise. The Buddha was offended and said, "The child has a job." (Biography of Tianzhu Monk in Shaolin Temple, Volume II, Song Yue, the Zen Guardian of Xi) Shuttlecock is shuttlecock, and counter-kicking is kicking with the outside of the foot, which is also called "turning".
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, kicking shuttlecock became more popular and the skills were more superb. It is recorded in Shi Jiyuan: "Today's children are wearing chicken feathers with lead and tin as money, and they are called" whip saws ".They walk and kick in groups of three or five, dragging guns, bowing their knees, bulging their bellies, beads, scissors, kidnappers …" It can be seen that kicking shuttlecock can be done while running, and not only with their feet, but also with their knees. In the Song Dynasty, due to the large number of people kicking shuttlecocks, there was also a small business selling shuttlecocks for a living. There are six "small brokers" in the notes carefully written by the poets in the Southern Song Dynasty, listing the small businesses that operate various toys in the capital Lin 'an (Hangzhou), such as kites, sticky sticks, badminton, pigeon bells, chess and slingshots. And pointed out: "There are dozens of people in every situation, and everyone is committed to providing food and clothes."
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, shuttlecock kicking became more popular and the technology was greatly improved. Pan Rongbi, a poet in A Qing, described the activities of kicking shuttlecock among the people in Beijing in Ji Sheng of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty: "Doumen people are very skilled in kicking shuttlecock and dancing, and many people have stopped. If their heads are on the water, if their backs are on their chests, this group of people will turn and collide with each other, so that they can compete with each other, move with the machine, avoid falling, and they will learn the stunts in the play. " The popular version of Kicking Shuttlecock said: "Today, Beijing is the most skilled in this play. If a person can count the enemies at the same time, he won't be around him all day. " Because kicking shuttlecock is interesting and pleasing to the eye, it has become the creative theme of artists, especially folk artists. There are pictures of shuttlecock kicking painted by craftsmen on the vase, and the painter also painted the scene of shuttlecock kicking. The picture of kicking shuttlecock in the collection of customs paintings in Qing Dynasty "Hundred Pictures of Beijing Folk Customs" is an existing one.
Shuttlecock kicking is fun, and the amount of exercise can be large or small, so it is available to men, women and children. Especially in Qing dynasty, women kicking shuttlecock attracted more attention. A poem from Zhi Zhu in Beijing sings: "Green spring is flying in the sky, you can use your boots and jacket. Forget the jade bow and smile, and the flowers will never return. " At that time, girls loved to play a shuttlecock game called "Save the Flowers", that is, "Several people turned over and kicked". In order to have fun, they took off their skirts and put on their jackets, kicking and laughing, and often didn't return at sunset. Chen Weisong, a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty, wrote a poem "Qinyuanchun", in which the boudoir kicked shuttlecock and said, "The yard is clear and charming, and nothing can be done. To the end of the corolla, it is a jade feather; Foster mother, test Zhu body. Wrap it gently, let it rotate at the same time, and winnow out the shadow of the wall. Ying Ying people, stunned and cuju, are good at playing chess. The vamp is only a little, and the condition is slippery and loose. Always boast, stand on a golden well, be used to waves and be afraid of flowers. I suddenly recalled the spring suburbs, turned back to yesterday, and helped the railing to pick up my temples. It is really thought-provoking to have a son-in-law outside Yang. " (See Famous Sentences in Qing Dynasty by Chen Naigan) We seem to see a girl in Qing Dynasty kicking shuttlecock in a quiet and deep courtyard. The elaborate shuttlecock dancing up and down is more varied than kicking a ball and more interesting than playing chess.
Jin Fei, Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, liked kicking shuttlecock very much. Her nephew Tang Hai α recalled the scene of Jin Fei kicking shuttlecock: After lunch break, "Jin Fei personally took us for a walk in the imperial garden after dinner, but more time was kicking shuttlecock in the front hall. When kicking shuttlecock, Jin Fei will pull up the hem of the big skirt and put it around her waist, and kick with me and each other. When she kicks herself, the more she kicks, the more energetic she becomes. Sometimes she kicks shuttlecock behind the plaque in the front hall. At this time, the maid-in-waiting came over and took the shuttlecock off with a bamboo pole, and then kicked it. My aunt kicked the shuttlecock in a beautiful posture. She kicked forward, backward, left and right, and the snow-white shuttlecock spun back and forth at her feet. Eunuchs and ladies-in-waiting cheered: "Fei played well!" " In this way, if you don't have dinner, you can't stop "(Selected Works of Literature and HistoryNo. 18, edited by Beijing Literature and History Information Committee of CPPCC, p. 177).
In the history of our country, many towns have the custom of kicking shuttlecock, which has even become an annual festival "Year". For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Peking man kicked shuttlecock mostly in autumn and winter, which was regarded as "one of the pastimes in cold weather". The Chronicle of Yanjing Years Old says that kicking shuttlecock is "enough to promote blood circulation and keep out the cold". There is a nursery rhyme in Ji Sheng at the age of Emperor Jing: "Yangliuqing, an empty clock. Willow, La sudra. Yang, it's a fight. Liu died and kicked the shuttlecock. " There is a poem in "A New Day in the Sun" written by a layman in Qing Dynasty: "Willow green and yellow, children's towns are gathering like crazy every day. As soon as the empty clock is off, winter is near and there are rackets kicking around. " Whenever the willows wither and the weather is cold, kicking shuttlecock becomes lively. Chengde beyond the Great Wall has the reputation of "the hometown of kicking shuttlecock". In the past, almost every family had a shuttlecock and everyone could kick it. As soon as the new year comes, people get together and play badminton in the street. At this time, colorful butterflies are flying and seem to smell the news of spring. There was a shuttlecock kicking meeting in Guangzhou on the fifteenth day of the first month of the Qing Dynasty. According to Qu Dajun's Guangdong Xinyu, a writer in the early Qing Dynasty, during the Lantern Festival, "Wudang Five Immortals Temple kicked people during the day, and the size was large. Those who kicked big were ordinary people, while those who kicked small were expensive" (Guangdong Xinyu, Volume 9, The Story of Guangzhou Time Series). The lively shuttlecock kicking activities add icing on the cake to the Lantern Festival.
Shuttlecock kicking has a long history in China. According to legend, in the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, people had the dance of kicking shuttlecock, which may be the embryonic form of kicking shuttlecock. 19 13 Twenty-three stone paintings were unearthed from a tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Zhang Cun, Jining, Shandong Province, in which eight people were kicking shuttlecocks. Their movements are harmonious and natural. The Korean peninsula was introduced during the Three Kingdoms period.
In the book The Origin of Things in Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng recorded shuttlecock kicking in detail: "Nowadays, children use lead and tin as money to dress chicken feathers, which are called shuttlecocks, in groups of three or five, which are various, including being cheap inside and outside, dragging and grabbing, bending their knees, protruding their stomachs and beads."
Shuttlecock kicking developed further in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there were more records about shuttlecock kicking. Dong Liu, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty and a famous essayist in the history of China, wrote in "A Brief View of the Imperial Capital": "The willow is green and empty, and the willow kicks the shuttlecock and dies."
Lexical supplement: after electrotomy, sound structure. Throw away the kicked foot, too.
There is a saying in "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital" that the willows are cymbals. When the willow tree dies, it kicks the shuttlecock.
Qing Fu Cha Dunchong's "The Story of Yanjing Kite Shuttle Year": "Those shuttling children are padded with leather money, lined with copper coins, tied with carved feathers and tied with belts, which are enough to promote blood circulation and keep out the cold."
The Story of the Year of Yanjing Kite Shuttlecock by Fu Cha Dunchong in Qing Dynasty: "Shuttlecock is shuttlecock, and lead and tin are money and chicken feathers ... which are also the heritage of Cuju."
Cuju was recorded for the first time in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Lin Miao as follows: "Lin Miao is very rich and practical, and its people are all players who play the steel pipe drum harp."
Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron" said that in the Western Han Dynasty, it was fun to have a cockfight with cuju, and ordinary people also pursued prosperity and cuju in poor lanes.
Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Gong Ci", saying that prostitutes in Yichun Academy enjoyed playing football on the Cold Food Festival. Both Tang Taizong and Tang Xuanzong like watching football. At that time, the goal was "two trees and two bamboos, netting online and measuring the door as a ball". The ball is divided into friends and friends, and the angle wins. "
The poet Wang Wei's poem "Cold Food in the East of the City" says, "Cuju flies over birds many times and swings out weeping willows", which shows the height of playing football. Du Fu's poem "Qingming Festival" also said, "Cuju is a teenager for ten years, and Wan Li is also a vulgar", which also shows the universality of the custom of playing football. This custom continued until the Southern Song Dynasty. The poet Lu You described this scene in his poem "The Pavilion of the Spring Festival Evening": "Liangzhou has a cold food of 100,000, and the swing is still luxurious." There is also a sentence in the poem "Feeling the Old Chapter", "Entering Liangzhou Road is like a palm, playing cuju and taking Qingming".
Cuju has been circulated for more than 2300 years. It originated from Linzi, the ancient capital of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Tang and Song Dynasties were the most prosperous, and there were often scenes of "the ball never falls in one day" and "the ball never leaves the foot, and the foot never leaves the ball, and the Huating watched it and thousands of people watched it".
There are records about Cuju in Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju New Book and Liuxiang Bielu in Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of cuju was still prevalent. In the Tang Dynasty, cuju was still a very common sport. Du Fu said in a poem: "Ten years' bird's eye view of the bow will make you far away, and so will Wan Li's swing. ".
"Song Shi Lu Yuan" contains: "Yan Shigu noted that Huo Qubing kicked the chrysanthemum rhyme in the bud field:' The bow is made of skin, which is really hair, and it is also a play. "Yan said that the bow is like this, and the late Tang Dynasty is different."
Xu Jian's "Beginner": "Today, cuju is said to play ball. It was made of wool fiber in ancient times, but now it is made of skin, which is realized by cells. "
(2) Set a goal: "General Examination of Literature" "Cuqiu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty, planting two bamboo trees several feet high, netting them, and measuring the ball as the door; The goal is about two points, and the victory or defeat depends on the corner kick. Isn't it another time? "
Song Dynasty's "Literature General Examination" contains: "Cuju, Gai began in the Tang Dynasty. Plant two bamboos, several feet high, and wrap the net on the net to measure the ball for the door. The ball is divided into friends and friends, and the game is divided into corners. " History: Tang Dezong, Xian Zong, Mu Zong and Jing Zong all like to play cuju, and Yuan Gui, the state capital, wrote: "In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan, Tang Dezong, the Cold Food Festival was held in February, and the Imperial Palace East Pavilion was used to watch Wu Dachen and Wu's children, and a banquet was held for the ministers to be slaughtered." In the Song Dynasty, there was "Taizu Cuju Map". Cuju is also called Cuju, Cuqiu, Chu Yuan, Bricklaying Ball and Kicking Round.
Gao Qiu's success in playing football tells us two things: First, emperors and bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty loved playing football, some of them loved playing football, and some loved watching it. Song Huizong Evonne, a football fan, wrote a poem after watching the ladies-in-waiting playing football: "It's Qingming, young and romantic, so you can hold a banquet in Mu Qing. Almost the secret was announced, and two friends won or lost in court. " "Wen Tong Kao" introduced: "The female disciple team in the Song Dynasty has a total of 153 people, dressed in four colors, embroidered Luo Kuan shirts, tied ribbons, kicked hydrangeas, never left the ball, watched the war in Huating, and ten thousand people watched it."
Shen Ming Defu's "Wild gains make up, punishments forbid gambling": "According to the imperial edict of the twenty-second year of Hongwu, those who learn to sing will cut their tongues, and those who break their hands will fall to the ground and unload their feet."
Ming Sheqiao's "Scenery of the Red Mansion in the Season of the Two Rivers": "Stay in the Kirin Hall for a while tonight, and the juggler can have a good time."
Chai Calyx's Anecdote of Brahma Taizu: "Mao especially hates rogues, which is of no help. The imperial edict of the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu: the singer cuts his tongue, the chess player breaks his wrist and goes to the Western Ocean, and the traveler unloads his feet. It goes round and round, which is ancient and today's football. "
According to the Ming History, Zhang Shixin, the younger brother of Zhang Shicheng, the king of Wu, supported the army and said that the army was divided. "Every time something happens, you need to take Pu (a gambling tool) and Cuju and hold a banquet for women."
It is awkward to say words. Six bows of the warring states policy. Note "Liuxiang Bielu": Cuju, made by Huangdi, is used for entertainment and warrior training. Yangzi changed leather into a bow.