Preface of classical Chinese

1. Seek the preface in ancient classical Chinese, such as Huanxisha in Su Shi's Preface to Water Tune Songs, swimming in Qingquan Temple, the temple is near Lanxi, and the stream flows west, which is forbidden by a political prisoner listening to cicada Xu Bing. It's also a matter of the Dharma Hall, and there are several ancient locust trees. Although the merchants know it, they are both ancient trees in Yin Zhongwen, and the lawsuit is among them. Sound moves, virtue is like a saint. Therefore, it is also a noble behavior of a gentleman to lead an honest and clean life. Shed its skin, and it has the spirit of a fairy capital. Follow the number of yin and yang when you come; It is necessary to change the festival, assess the situation to hide, have an open mind, not be confused by the Tao, and not ignore it; Thin wings, not vulgar and not thick, easy to be true. Drinking the dew of autumn, it is horribly clear. My servant lost his way with difficulty and was greeted by a badge. Instead of being sad, he complained, and he refused before he fell down. When he heard the flowing sound, he realized that he had turned over a new leaf. Seeing the shadow of mantis, I am afraid of the insecurity of crisis. I write poems for love, which fascinates my bosom friends. Normal mind follows things, and I am weak; The Tao sends people to know, and the sympathy is lonely. It doesn't refer to pen and ink, but to the clouds of troubles and worries. (Preface) In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from Rong Yuan, so he wrote a song to show his consolation. (That's a little bit in the middle, I can't spell it, hehe.) How can it be compared with Pipa Xing? This Changan advocates women. She tried to learn the pipa from Mu and Cao, but she was old. She vowed to be Jia's wife. So she ordered wine and asked her to play a few songs quickly. The song is very poor. She told a happy story for less than an hour. Now she's gone, and she's gone to Jianghu. After two years as an official, she felt at ease. She felt that she had the intention to move because of her long sentence. Quifu drove to the house of Shierniang's sword-dancing device in Li See, Linying, which made him strong. When he asked the teacher, he said, "I am a disciple of Gong Sundaniang." In the fifth year of Kaiyuan, when I was a child, I recorded in Yancheng that Gongsun's sword-dancing device was vigorous and clear, and I was alone in Yichun and Liyuan. Today I am a disciple and a bandit. Since we can tell its origin, we know that there are waves. I am generous and talk about "the journey of the sword". Zhang Xu, a former Wu native, was good at cursive writing, and often saw the sword dancing in Xihe River in Ye County. Since then, he has grown in cursive script, and he is grateful, that is, Gongsun knows. The drunken songs on Shiyu Lake are full of wine and food, but he wants to rest. .

2. What does preface mean in ancient Chinese? Preface is a style, in which the preface is not a preface, but a gift.

There are two kinds of prefaces: book prefaces and gift prefaces. The preface of the book is relatively early, mostly describing the author's interest and writing origin, such as Yi Xu and Tai Shi Gong Xu. The preface of the book and the preface of the book are different in nature. It began in the Tang Dynasty. Generally, it is a kind of thoughts and feelings expressed in words between literati. Arguments are often put forward to clarify some viewpoints, which is equivalent to a style of argumentative writing. Most of the contents are words of encouragement, praise and emphasis, such as preface to Meng Dongye by Han Yu and preface to Xue Cunyi by Liu Zongyuan.

Song Lian was an official in Beijing Jiankang (now Nanjing), and Ma Jun, a fellow countryman and a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, was also in Beijing and studying in imperial academy. Ma Sheng returned to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, and combined with his own practice realized that "Tao is difficult to learn", and set an example to encourage hard study.

3. How to write the preface to the high school reunion (classical Chinese) Yonghe is nine years old and ugly in ancient times. At the beginning of late spring, I took a look at Lanting (jī) and Xiuwu (xing) in the mountains. There are mountains and forests here. Talking about intimacy is enough. It's sunny and sunny today. Looking up at the vastness of the universe and overlooking the prosperity of the category, it is enough to enjoy watching and listening, believe in cola and pitch for a lifetime. Or take all the weapons to a room to talk about; Or, because of the entrustment, he has been wandering in the wild (hái). Although his interest (qū) is different from his calmness, when he is happy with what he has encountered, he will temporarily get it from himself and soon become self-sufficient. Zeng did not know that his old age was coming. He is tired, his feelings move with the times, and his feelings are (X). Whenever we see the reasons why people in the past are excited, if they are harmonious, we can't help but lament the past, which is incomparable to our hearts. We know that a dead life is a false birth, and Peng Qi's sadness is an illusion. Later, we looked at the present, but we still looked at the past, sad husband! Therefore, if you list people in your narrative, record what they say. Although the world is different, you are happy, and people who watch it later will feel gentle.

4. Preface to the knowledge points of classical Chinese in Hunan Zeng Guofan's Preface to My Friend Xiangtan Luo My friend Xiangtan Luo showed me his book Zheng Wen in Hunan 190 and asked me to preface it for him before the book. I am Zeng Guofan, ignorant, old and weak. Where can I talk about it? Personally, I think there is no so-called grammar in ancient articles. Classic styles and sentences such as Yi, Shu, Shi, Yi Li and Chunqiu are not copied from each other. When a hundred schools of thought contended in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, they all became an organic whole. If we use these standards to measure them and divide them like flowers and trees, how can there be so-called grammar? Reluctantly draw lessons from the articles created by the ancients to simulate, so some conform to the practices of the ancients, while others deviate, so the grammar of writing articles cannot be named after "Fa". If they don't imitate the ancients, everyone will naturally have a shaped article in their heart, which talks about two aspects: one is reason and the other is emotion. Both are inherent to everyone. To praise what I know, I will write it down with a pen, record it in a book and pass it on from generation to generation. Praise my feelings of love, disgust, sadness and joy, and make the text easy to understand, just like opening my heart to state strategies. These are all natural articles. People with sincere nature can basically do it. However, the depth of the content and the ingenious and clumsy methods of the article are far from reaching the limit. Except for all kinds of classics, most of the works of a hundred schools have advantages. Most of them win by reason, and most of them are profound and reach the peak. What wins with emotion is mostly touching language, but its shortcomings are often gorgeous rhetoric and lack of actual content. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, most penniless people didn't know how to reason, and most of their words were parallel prose. Even when discussing political affairs and judging ceremonies, parallel sentences are often used to decorate them, and there are parallel sentences in the middle. To the west, Sichuan and Guizhou, where Miao tribes live together, are probably relatively remote and desolate mountainous areas. But at the end of the Zhou Dynasty, Qu Yuan was born here, and famous works such as Li Sao were called the ancestor of "love rhyme" by later generations. In the Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi was born here again. His Taiji Illustration and Shu Tong were regarded as the ancestor of Yi Li by later generations. This anthology contains about six-tenths of articles that are longer than reasoning and about four-tenths of articles that are longer than romance. However, the parallel style articles are very literary and the grammar is not chaotic. It's just that there are too few articles for textual research. The articles advocated by former sages have not been popularized, and there are not many articles envied by later generations. Luo Zhi-zhi, based on Shuowen, explored the accessibility of words and noted the signs of Ming region. He originally understood the theory of textual research experts, but the article only advocated the main points of genre, not complexity. Knowledge points: First, the characteristics of notional words commonly used in classical Chinese (1) monosyllabic-in ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words are absolutely dominant. Disyllabic words are mainly disyllabic words, reduplicated words, onomatopoeic words, disyllabic words and loanwords, which are rare. Disyllabic words are divided into disyllabic words and disyllabic words (two monosyllabic words are used together); Attachment: Multi-tone notional words (one multi-tone word), multi-tone structure of notional words (two monosyllabic words) (2) Flexibility-in a specific language environment, one word temporarily changes its grammatical function and has the grammatical characteristics of another kind of words. This phenomenon is called flexible use of parts of speech. (1) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and numerals. (2) Examples show that the causative usage of the causative verb Xiang Bo, and the action of minister+object = make+ object+verb can sometimes be translated into a verb complement. (3) Polysemy-the polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese comes from the original meaning of words. The extended meaning and the original meaning are closely or far related. (4) Proximity-there are some indistinguishable concepts in modern Chinese, which may be subdivided into a series of synonyms in ancient Chinese. For example, there are more than 20 verbs about "look". Besides the words "look, look, look", there are also many subtle differences in expression and emotion. This seems to be similar to writing typos today, but it was a habit in the ancients. (Familiar with the appendix "Common Words" on the side of "Golden Sun Test Case" 165) Find the content corresponding to these points by yourself, and we are here to help (* _ *).