Analysis of Classical Chinese Grammar
Sentence inversion
The position of syntactic elements in ancient and modern Chinese is basically the same. Generally speaking, Chinese sentence elements have a certain order. If the subject comes first and the predicate comes last; Verb predicate comes first and object comes last; Modifying the restriction before the head word or the supplementary component after the predicate.
However, in ancient Chinese, when some words act as sentence components, they are inconsistent with the position order of modern Chinese. Sometimes the object can be placed in front of the verb predicate, the attribute can be placed behind the head, and sometimes the predicate can even be placed in front of the subject.
There are five common types of inversion:
1 Prepositive object:
In interrogative sentences
In the negative sentence
Appearing structural auxiliary words
2 attributive postposition:
Quantitative attribute postposition
Modifier postposition
The word "zhe" is used as an attribute.
3 preposition and preposition combination.
4 the position of the prepositional object,
5 Predicate preposition
(1) prepositional object
In a certain context, the object should be placed before the verb predicate, which is the most prominent word order phenomenon in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, this kind of preposition is conditional. There are three types:
First, interrogative pronouns in interrogative sentences are used as objects in advance.
For example,
(1) king fuck?
Is Pei Gong there?
(3) I am really incompetent. Who dares to complain?
(4) There are hundreds of holy kings. What can I do?
⑤ "Xu Ziguan?" Say "Crown" and say "Guan Su".
6. Who is bullying me, bullying the sky?
The interrogative pronouns "He", "An", "Who", "Who" and "Xi" are all taken as objects and placed before the predicate. "Dare" in Example (3) is a willing verb and must be used with verbs, so "Who" is used before "Dare". The most enlightening example is (6). Of course, "bullying the sky" is also a problem. But because the object "Tian" is a noun. Not an interrogative pronoun. So put it after the verb "bully".
Second, the pronoun object in the negative sentence should be preceded.
Common negative words are: no, mom, nothing, no, fu, don't, mo and so on.
For example:
But if you are not a king, you won't have it. (Not yet)
I haven't heard of it.
(3) I don't cheat, I'm not worried. (No fraud ...)
(4) Five-foot children should not be bullied, although they are suitable for fairs. (Don't bully it)
△ The format of interrogative pronouns as objects and prepositions is quite strict in ancient Chinese. According to statistics, 98.4% interrogative pronouns in Zuo Zhuan are prepositional objects. But in negative sentences, the pronoun object is placed before the verb, which is not so strict. There are some postpositions in ancient books in pre-Qin period. For example:
(1) Know me, I am worried; What do I want if you don't know me?
After the Han Dynasty, this kind of object has many postpositions, such as:
(2) Printing books has not yet reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty.
Although the classical Chinese after the Han Dynasty, pre-position and post-position coexist. We can think that prepositions follow the grammatical rules of the pre-Qin period and are the result of literati's archaizing.
(3) There are structural auxiliary words "Shi" and "Zhi" after the object.
In order to highlight the object, put prepositional object, and use "yes" or "zhi" between the preposition object and the verb to form the format of "object+yes (zhi)+verb", for example:
(1) What was the sin of the Song Dynasty?
The so-called "auxiliary cars depend on each other, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold" is also called danger.
(3) Will be destroyed, why is love dangerous?
(4) I moved from Zhou to the East, and I followed suit.
⑤ Wang is greedy and faithless, while Cai is affectionate. (Feeling regret and resentment)
⑥ Confucius said, "Don't ask for much? (Blame you)
The significance of each case is: What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? It is said that Guo Yu, Jiang Guo, Zheng Jin, Gan Cai and Guo Er.
In order to emphasize the singularity, exclusiveness and judgment of behavior, we add "Wei" and "Wei" before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei (Wei) … is …". The above example is this format. This sentence pattern still remains in some idioms, such as "do as you are told", "mercenary" and "meritocracy". Other statements, such as:
1 is the only one that follows. Look at my horse head.
2 Business trip to Chen Yan only. As long as it is out of date, it must be removed. )
The translation of the above sentences should reflect the meaning of "as long as ……", such as obeying orders as long as it is beneficial and recommending talents as long as it is beneficial.
In ancient Chinese, some prepositional objects have no formal markers, but they are rare.
(2) attributive postposition:
In modern Chinese, the attribute is usually placed in front of the noun head word to modify the head word. However, in ancient Chinese, in order to emphasize and highlight the attribute, or because the attribute is too long, in order to make the language more fluent, the attribute is often placed after the head. Today, when translating, you should usually mention the prefix, and there are three formats.
Postposition of quantity attribute "1"
(1) Life is handsome-chop Beijing three hundred times.
2 Not prepared. Take food for nothing-three hundred.
(3) Meng Changjun to car-fifty times, gold-five hundred jins.
< 2 > modify the attributive postposition
(1) Cui Wei, separated from the land with a long hairpin, wears a crown of clouds.
(2) if the temple is high, it will worry about its people; If you stay away from the Jianghu, you will worry about your husband.
Translated into Chinese, it is "Long Sword" (ground separation, describing the length of the sword) and "High clouds behead the crown" (Cui Wei, describing the height of the crown). A high temple is far away from the rivers and lakes.
③ The phrase "zhe" is used as the attributive postposition.
(1) the prince's guests-know their voices, all dressed in white.
(2) The sudden anger of the stone subsided, and the negative soil emerged, striving for a strange shape. Almost uncountable
The young people in the village, the busybodies, domesticated a worm.
The prince's guest, who knew what had happened, said, "The sudden anger subsided and the negative soil came out. A strange stone: "Good boy" has been put back because of the sign of "zhe".
(2) Preposition object
The object of prepositional structure is usually behind the preposition, but in ancient Chinese, it can also be placed in front of the preposition, mainly in the following two ways:
In the question "1", preposition preposition object.
(1) Michell Maxwell Hsu for not weaving? (Why? )
(2) Why fight? (with what? )
(3) if the guest hu for this (why? )
(4) Why not stay in this besieged city for a long time? (Why? )
(5) learn evil from the beginning? Evil in the end? (From where? )
(2) Preposition of prepositional objects in general sentence patterns.
In order to emphasize the object of a preposition, although there is no formal sign, it can also be preceded by the object. For example:
(1) Chu Fangcheng is the city and Hanshui is the pool.
(2) Chu soldiers are all one.
(3) Pei Gong sits in the north and Sean sits in the west.
There are idioms such as "day and night" in modern Chinese, which are the remnants of ancient Chinese.
(3) the position of prepositional phrases
Preposition phrases can be used as adverbials or complements, which is true in ancient and modern Chinese. In ancient Chinese, the expression, time, place, reason, comparison and passive predicate-object judgment are used as complements. The phrase "I, Bin" is used as an adverbial. Complements are linked together, and the phrases of these complements are generally translated into adverbials. If you still do literal translation of complements, you will feel uncomfortable, such as:
Why not try it? (Try it with your feet)
(2) five acres of house, the tree is mulberry.
3 green is taken from blue, and green is blue. (from ... than ...)
(4) The number of broken soldiers in Chyi Chin.
(5) The name will be remembered by later generations.
Examples ①, ② are the intermediary objects, ③ the intermediary location, the active person and ⑤ the intermediary time, all of which should be translated into adverbials.
(4) Predicate preposition
The inversion of the subject is to highlight the meaning of the predicate, increase the tone or emotional color of the predicate, or to match the antithesis and rhyme, such as
(1) Son, who cut Ju?
(2) What, you don't benefit!
3 beautiful room!
4 amazing, but also a gentleman!
⑤ Burn its glory.
6. Bamboo whispers, the laundry girl returns, and the fishing boat is moved.
The above examples reflect the three situations before the predicate respectively.
A. interrogative sentences B. exclamatory sentences C. ancient poetry rhymes
Perseverance can be turned into stone.
Complete sincerity can even affect metals and stones.