Look at a passage in classical Chinese first:
Zhang Yi, with three meanings, is from Longquan. Huang Kou violated Longquan, and people in Yi Cong village were arrested. He went up to the thief and told him, "My brother has only one son, and I would rather give it to him." . The thief knows his name, wants to surrender it, and is tied to the column.
The definition of the meanings of several dotted words in a paragraph should be inferred according to the context provided by the context. We take the word drop as an example to illustrate the reasoning process. Because from the well-known name of the thief in the article, he was tied to a post and could not bend, which means that the thief usually wanted to surrender when he heard Zhang Yi's name, but Zhang Yi did not give in. But this word will be misunderstood at first sight, which can be understood as another meaning, that is, thieves usually want to surrender to Zhang Yi when they hear his name, which is quite different. Therefore, when inferring with the help of context, we must look forward and look back, pay attention to the correlation between the context provided by context and the inferred words, and ensure the correctness of inference. According to the context, health here should mean surrender or surrender, and the causative usage of verbs.
In addition, determining the usage and meaning of some function words is actually inferred by using the context provided by the context. There are basically two uses: sequential connection or reverse connection (turning). In the sentence "blue is blue, blue is blue", the meanings of "blue is blue" and "blue is blue" are not coherent, but opposite, so they indicate a turning point and are interpreted as but or but.
Reasoning by using context is actually to judge the meaning of words by using the context of words and the logic of the article. The logical relationship between words and context is very important, because all articles are always expressed in a certain logical structure and language form, so understanding the article and language expression logic will also understand the meaning of words and the related content of the article.
Second, inference is based on the symmetrical structure of words or sentences.
From the formal point of view, the front and back parts of words in the coordinate structure should be symmetrical, and some words have opposite or similar meanings, such as the disjointed structure, which is symmetrical before and after separation. The meaning of "Li" is very clear, and the meanings of the two parts of words in the coordinate structure will not be repeated, so the meanings of "Li" and "Jin" should be opposite, so it can be naturally inferred that the meaning of "Jin" should be close.
For example, there are two structural forms, that is, a group of wise men and a few long salty sets, which also form a symmetrical structure. Through observation and speculation, we can see that the group of wise men and Shaolong, Bi and Xian, Zhi and Ji are symmetrical in part of speech and meaning, and the meanings of words in symmetrical positions are similar. Among them, Qunxian is easy to understand. It can be inferred that Shaochang refers to young people and old people, and adjectives are used flexibly as nouns. "Bi" and "present", "knowledge" and "self" are the use of words with similar meanings in symmetrical structures respectively. In classical Chinese, words and sentences with symmetrical structure are very common, so it is an effective method to infer the meaning of words and sentences in classical Chinese with the help of symmetrical structure of words or sentences.
Third, with the help of textbooks, the meaning of words has been inferred.
Inference with the help of learned words is to infer the meaning of homographs in new classical Chinese reading materials by using the meaning of related words in classical Chinese learned in middle school. This inference is actually the connection between knowledge and the ability to use old knowledge to understand new knowledge. This inference has a premise that students should fully grasp and be very familiar with what they have learned in the text. Such as 20 10, Anhui college entrance examination in classical Chinese part of the inference of two translated related words:
(1) When Taizu first entered the customs, Xiang He was in Jinyang, and later he was sent to meet him.
(2) When we were friends with Liang Tong, we exchanged luggage. We gave them away both publicly and privately and got nothing.
Among them, the words "to and suitcase" are also difficult to explain in these two sentences, but these two words have appeared in high school Chinese texts and students have learned them, so they can be inferred from the meanings learned in the texts. There is a saying in Han Yu's "Sacrificing Twelve Langwen" (People's Education Edition, High School Chinese, Volume IV) that people with a long history are like returning to the West. They will get married and lead you, meaning to pick up or pick up; There is also a saying in "When I Borrow Candles to Say a Word to the Qin Dynasty" (the first volume of "Chinese" by People's Education Edition) that Zheng is the host and the luggage is exhausted, which means the messenger. Substituting these two learned meanings into the original text of the reading materials, and then scrutinizing them according to the context provided by the context, proved to be correct, so it is also very important to read classical Chinese and support the basic knowledge in class.
Fourth, infer the meaning of unfamiliar words with the help of familiar words.
Idioms refer to words that have a thorough understanding of the meaning and can be used freely. Inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words according to the meaning of familiar words and idioms is also a basic reading ability of classical Chinese. For example, in the 2009 Chinese college entrance examination, Hainan and Ningxia read the first question in classical Chinese. Option C: So the enemy came out at night, and the camp was thin (for the meaning, see the article "When the candle was used to express the Qin Dynasty"), in which the thin question was interpreted as weakening. After context reduction, it is found that it is not smooth for Bo to interpret it as weakening. However, when we contact the Xishan idiom' Bo is approaching' and put this meaning into the original text to verify it, it is also in line with the context, and the contextual meaning is also smooth, that is, Zhao Zhu laid down his troops from the city wall at night and approached the camp of Xixia people, causing panic. The officers and men in the city took the opportunity to shout, chase and kill, and captured many enemies.
Fifth, infer the meaning of Chinese characters according to their physical structure.
As we all know, Chinese characters are ideographic characters, and most of them can be seen from the physical structure, so the meaning of some classical Chinese words can be inferred by the physical structure. For example, the Jiangxi volume of the 2006 college entrance examination translated by family members was shocked and ignored. Among them, the word "fly" is unfamiliar, but if you look at its shape carefully, you can still get its meaning. First of all, the radical word means that there is a relationship between seeing and seeing, but there is a gap between them, so the whole meaning is to see from the gap, that is, peep, and then the whole sentence can be translated smoothly. Of course, in the usual teaching of classical Chinese, teachers learn and teach students some knowledge about the physical structure of Chinese characters, so that students can develop the habit of consciously inferring the meaning of classical Chinese from its glyphs, and can also stimulate students' interest in learning classical Chinese. Again, if you are guided by Tong Guan, you won't be allowed in or given food. If you are angry, go back to it. Shang Yue: This man is like this, so you can't tolerate evil? Translation of a sentence. The meaning of the word "Ye" is unfamiliar, but its meaning is inferred from its physical structure. "Yi" is a radical word, and its meaning must be related to words. Pastor's whole meaning is anger, return to shame, Tong Guan in the case of anger, certainly can't say it well, and according to the emperor, this person is so, can't you tolerate evil? Thus, what Tong Guan said is slander, that is, slander may mean slander, framing and so on.
Inferring the meaning of a word in the process of reading is actually the coincidence of the reader's reading logic and the article's expression logic, the reader's correct guess and understanding of the article's content, and the embodiment of the reader's good reading habits and thinking quality. These methods of inferring the meaning of classical Chinese are not used in isolation, but are interrelated, and can be used comprehensively in many cases to achieve better results.