Qin unified the world, annexed the princes, proclaimed himself emperor in the court, and supported the four seas. Why do all the scholars in the world obey the yearning for admiration? The answer is: since ancient times, there has been no emperor who unified the world for a long time. The power of the Zhou royal family is very weak. After the five tyrants died one after another, the emperor's orders could not pass through the world. So the princes conquered each other by force, the strong invaded the weak, there were many bullies, the war continued, and the soldiers and civilians were tired.
Now Qin Nandu claims to be the emperor and rules the world, which shows that there is a son of heaven in the world. In this way, those poor people all hope to live on him, and no one admires the emperor insincerely. At this time, it is the key to maintain authority and stabilize the results, whether it is stable or dangerous.
With the heart of greed and meanness, the king of Qin only wanted to display his personal wisdom, distrust the heroes, stay away from the people, abandon benevolent governance and kingliness, establish personal authority, ban ancient books and poems, implement cruel and cruel laws, put deceitful power ahead, put benevolence and loyalty behind, and take cruelty as the premise of governing the world.
To implement the merger, we should pay attention to bullying the market; To stabilize the country, we should pay attention to timely response: in other words, we cannot seize and protect the world in the same way. After the Warring States period, Qin unified the world, and its route and laws remained unchanged, which was the same as its method of seizing and protecting the world.
The king of Qin alone owned the world, so his demise came soon. If the king of Qin can take into account the ancient situation and formulate and implement his own policies according to the road of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, then even if there are arrogant and extravagant monarchs, there will be no disaster of collapse and peril. Therefore, Yu Xia, Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang have established a country with outstanding names and long-term achievements.
Nowadays, when Qin Ershi ascended the throne, no one in the world craned their necks to see his policies. People who are cold feel good in coarse cloth and short clothes, and people who are hungry feel sweet when they eat bran. The people in the world are crying, which is the performance of the new emperor's ruling ability. This means that hard-working people are easy to accept benevolent governance.
If II has the virtue of a general, he will employ loyal people, and his subjects will be single-minded and worry about the sufferings of the world. During the mourning period, he will correct the mistakes of the former emperor, cede the land to the people, reward the descendants of the heroes, seal the monarch, treat the sages of the world, release the prisoners from prison, exempt them from punishment, abolish the arbitrary punishment of confiscating their wives and children as official servants, and let the sentenced people return to their hometowns.
Open positions and send money to help the poor; Reduce taxes, reduce labor, and help people relieve their urgent needs; Simplify the law, lighten the punishment, give criminals a chance to grasp the future, so that people all over the world can turn over a new leaf, turn over a new leaf, cultivate one's morality and be cautious about themselves; Satisfy everyone's wishes, treat the world with prestige and kindness, and the world will be joined.
If all the places in the world are happy to live and work in peace and contentment and are afraid of chaos, then even if there is a traitor and the people have not betrayed the heart of the country, the traitor can't hide his treachery, and the plot of riots can be stopped.
II did not practice this method, which destroyed the ancestral temple and harmed the people. It is more cruel and heartless than the first emperor. Epang Palace was rebuilt, with more punishments and more severe killings. Officials are harsh and vicious, improper rewards and punishments, unlimited taxes, and too many state affairs for officials to control. The people were extremely poor, but the monarch did not receive relief.
Therefore, there have been many incidents of adultery and fraud, and many people have been deceived from top to bottom, and many people have been punished. People who were tortured on the road confronted each other, and people all over the world fell into pain. Everyone from Jun Qing down to ordinary people is in danger, living in poverty, and there is no peace everywhere, so unrest is easy to happen.
Therefore, Chen She did not rely on the talents of Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang, nor did he borrow the dignity of governors. The reason is that people are in danger.
So the ancient holy king can see the changes from beginning to end and know the key to life and death. Therefore, the way to rule the people is to concentrate on stabilizing them. In this way, even if there are rebellious courtiers in the world, there will be no response and no help.
The so-called "people in a stable state can be righteous with others, and people in distress are easy to do bad things together", that is to say, this situation. Noble enough to be the son of heaven, rich enough to own the world, but unable to avoid being killed, that is because the way to save the overthrown situation is wrong. This is II's fault.
Second, the original text
The Qin dynasty destroyed Zeus, merged with the sea, became a vassal, proclaimed himself emperor in the south, and supported the world. People in the world are as bright as the wind. If so, why? Yue: There has been no king recently. Zhou Shi is humble, five tyrants are destroyed, and the world is unbearable. It is based on the governors' efforts to govern, bullying the weak, the public being violent and widowed, the soldiers constantly reforming, and the scholars stopping the disadvantages.
Today, Qinnan is the king of the world, and the world has a son of heaven. Since the people of Yuan Yuan have saved their lives, they must be humble and look up. At this time, this is the foundation of security.
The king of Qin was greedy for profit, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abandoned the king and set up an affair, burned books and buried Confucianism, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny. Husband merger is fraudulent and safe. This statement is not the same as keeping it. The Qin dynasty ruled the world from the Warring States period. Its way was not easy, and its politics remained unchanged, so it was preserved.
There is loneliness, so its death can stand and stay. In order to control his own administration, the king of Qin allowed to discuss the affairs of the world and the traces of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Although he is immoral and arrogant, he is still in no danger. Therefore, the three kings built the world with their good names and long-term achievements.
Today, when Qin Ershi is established, the world must lead and observe its government. Cold people are greedy, and hungry people are willing to spoil chaff. The world is noisy, and the capital of the new master is also. This remark is easy for Wei Minren.
Make the second trip to the Lord, be loyal to the Lord, be single-minded, worry about family troubles, and be guilty of the first emperor; After dividing the land into heroes, he will establish a national monarch and glory the world; Free from punishment and slaughter, collect filthy crimes and make everyone betray their hometown; Send granaries and scattered money to help the poor who are lonely;
Give little to help the people; Make an agreement to save punishment, so that everyone in the world can turn over a new leaf, practice more and be careful of themselves; The hope of the people is blocked, and the world is freed by virtue. That is to say, everyone in the four seas is happy, and everyone is in his place, lest it change. Although there are cunning people who don't want to die, unscrupulous ministers can't decorate their wisdom and riot and treachery.
The second one can't do this, but there is nothing that can be done: the ancestral temple and people are broken, and Epang Palace is needed; There are countless heavy punishments, and the governance is unforgettable; Improper reward and punishment, excessive collection. There are many things in the world, and officials are undisciplined; The people are poor, but God has no pity on them.
Then the traitors rise together and flee from top to bottom; There are many guilty people, and the punishment is across the road, and the world suffers. As for the masses who rise up and attack, the people are worried about themselves and are close to poverty, so they are uneasy and easy to move. Therefore, Chen She needs no soup, no warrior, no respect from vassals, and osawa who goes forward bravely, while those who respond to the world are in danger.
So the late king, seeing the same ending, knew the reason for survival. This is the way of herders. It's just a matter of security. Although there is a retrograde minister, there will be no response. Therefore, it is right to say that "it is safe for the people, and it is easy to be right and wrong when it is dangerous for the people." You are the son of heaven, rich and rich, you are in the slaughterhouse, right and wrong. It's also II's fault.
Third, the source
On Qin by Jia Yi
Four. Brief introduction of the author
Jia Yi (former 200- former 168) was born in Luoyang (now east of Luoyang, Henan). Political commentator and writer in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. When I was young, I was famous for my poems. Later, he was used by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty to advocate reform and was demoted as the teacher of King Changsha (because King Changsha was not favored by Emperor Wen at that time, he was demoted). Later, he was appointed as the teacher of Liang Huaiwang. King Huai of Liang fell off a horse and died of self-injury and grief.
Jia Yi's main literary achievement is his political thesis, and he has written ten new books. His representative works include On Qin, Chen Zhengshi (also known as Public Security Policy) and On Accumulation and Storage. Among them, Chen Zheng's Poems and On Stories and Stories are works that criticize current politics and have great influence on later prose.
Extended data
First, the creative background
The era of Emperor Wendi in the Western Han Dynasty was the early stage of the so-called "peace and prosperity" in the Han Dynasty, that is, "the rule of cultural scene". Jia Yi, with his keen insight, saw the latent crisis in the Western Han Dynasty through appearances. At that time, rich and powerful people embezzled a large number of farmers' land, forcing farmers into bankruptcy and exile, and heavy oppression, exploitation and cruel punishment also aggravated class contradictions.
The contradiction between domestic feudal separatism and centralization, the contradiction between the ruling class and the working people, and the contradiction between ethnic groups are intensifying day by day, and the position of the rulers is in danger of being shaken. ?
In order to reconcile various contradictions and ensure the long-term stability of the Western Han Dynasty, Jia Yi put forward many political opinions to the Han Dynasty in famous political essays such as Chen Zheng's Poems, On Storing and Storing, and On Guo Qin. This paper analyzes the success or failure of Qin politics from the perspective of summing up historical experience and lessons, and provides reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.
Second, the appreciation of works
On Guo Qin is a political paper, the main purpose of which is to analyze Guo Qin.
The first part, by reviewing the prosperous history of Qin State, points out that the reform plan of Qin State is stronger than seizing the world, and it is impossible to defend the world because of "benevolence and righteousness". In the second part, the mistakes after the unification of Qin dynasty are discussed in detail.
This novella points out that Qin unified the world and ended years of war. Originally, the situation was good, but Qin Shihuang did not formulate correct policies, but burned books to bury Confucianism and ruled the world with tyranny. By the next year, the original mistakes could not be corrected and the country was finally overturned.
In the second part of On Qin, the author points out that if Zi Ying can change its original wrong policy, "close the door to Eritrea" and "refuse it with a halberd", it can hold the land of Sanqin, and then "help the people", and Xu Tu can develop and even restore national unity.
Unfortunately, however, the Qin Dynasty's consistent policy of "keeping his mouth shut" led to "harmony" from top to bottom. Zi Ying was isolated and had no relatives, and it was inevitable that he would eventually perish.
This paper discusses the rise and fall of Qin dynasty and its reasons, and clearly puts forward the central argument of this paper: "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different." Its purpose is to provide reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.
Baidu encyclopedia-on Qin