For example, "although" is a typical objection in ancient and modern times. In ancient Chinese, "although" and "ran" are two words, the former means although, and the latter means so. If understood in modern Chinese, "although he is also happy" can only be translated as: although he is also happy. Obviously, this sentence is incomplete, and the correct translation is: despite this, he is still happy. This is the problem of sentence structure analysis.
2. Memorize commonly used interchangeable words and ancient and modern synonyms. The common "anti" is actually "back" and "only" is actually "stop" ... There are nearly 100 loanwords in the whole middle school, and there are nearly 20 to remember. There are not many opportunities to translate interchangeable words, but it is always good to know when you meet them.
Ancient and modern objections are more important, such as "although" mentioned above, and "false" means "borrow" in ancient times, as well as "can" and "very". In fact, there are many opposing words in ancient and modern times because ancient prose is generally unique, so this truth must be kept in mind. Therefore, in ancient times, "energy" was "energy" and "use", and "extraordinary" was "no" (no) and "normal" (ordinary) in ancient times.
3. Be familiar with the flexible use of parts of speech. Noun usage, adjective usage, causative usage, intentional usage and so on. This is the formal grammar of classical Chinese.
These can also be analyzed by sentence structure. For example, the use of nouns, I will give you a well-known example, Confucius said: "Jun Jun, minister, father, son." At least you know that a complete sentence, subject and predicate are essential (except interjections, of course). "Jun Jun" seems to be two nouns, obviously lacking a predicate, that is, a verb or adjective, otherwise it can only be translated into "monarch", then the second monarch must obviously be a predicate, and "Jun Jun" means "the monarch is mainly like a monarch"
This kind of classical Chinese grammar is relatively difficult and requires long-term knowledge accumulation and memory, but if I do what I say, it will be much easier to master.
Let me give you another example, such as the use of adjectives, saying that a doctor is a "living dead". Literally, does it mean that doctors are "living dead"? Regardless of whether this meaning is in line with the original intention, let's analyze the sentence structure first. "Doctor" is obviously the subject. What is the predicate? If translated according to the surface meaning, the predicate is obviously lacking. Even with the word "yes", ancient Chinese needs the expression of the verb "nai" or the interjection "ye". So this sentence must be dismantled. According to the principle of word formation, "death" is a dead person, and movable type must have a separate meaning. If you know the usage of adjectives, then you know that "the living dead" should be translated as "let the dead live". Even if you don't know the usage of conation, you can analyze that there is a problem.
2. How to learn classical Chinese Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. Classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.