By 209 BC, Maughton killed his father Tou Man, abolished the recommendation system of Khan and became Khan. Since then, the Huns have had the surname and the country name of Khan. From 209 BC to 65438 BC+074 BC, Morton was in power, with more than 300,000 people in charge of the strings. The south merged with Loufan, the king of Aries, destroyed East Lake in the east and went to Yueshi in the west. In the north, he served all ethnic groups, such as Qushe, Dingling, Jingkun and Salary Plough. Khan, an old Shang, followed Maodun, expelled Yue and Wusun from the Ili Valley and lived in the Ili Valley. In fact, he was a Xiongnu country and a service country to the Western Regions. So Xiongnu reached Liaohe River in the east, Conglin Mountain in the west, Lake Baikal in the north and the Great Wall in the south. In the history of China, a unified nomadic military regime appeared for the first time in the nomadic ministries of the northern grassland.
Xiongnu is a powerful and far-reaching nation in ancient China, and its name first appeared in the Warring States Period. Since the Western Han Dynasty, ancient documents in China recorded their ancestors, namely, Yin and Zhou ghost prescriptions and stubborn prescriptions. There are still many ancient books in academic circles today; There are also stories from the west and the north. Huns have no writing, but they are bound by language. It is difficult to accurately judge the Xiongnu vocabulary and clan names recorded in a small number of ancient Chinese books. At present, there are mainly Turkic and Mongolian languages.
In recent decades, archaeologists at home and abroad have excavated hundreds of Xiongnu tombs in Nuoyan Mountain in Mobei and Inner Mongolia, and unearthed a large number of ironware around the 3rd century BC, including weapons (iron knives, iron swords and shovels), production tools (shovels and shovels) and household utensils (iron horse chews, iron rings, iron sheets and nails). It proves that when the Huns rose in the desert north and south in the third century BC, the material culture had begun to enter the Iron Age. Iron culture made the productivity of Xiongnu society enter a brand-new historical stage, which not only prospered animal husbandry, but also promoted the development of handicraft industry.
The southern Xiongnu was originally distributed in northern counties such as Beidi, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen, Shang, Dai and Shanggu (now eastern Gansu, Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi, Hohhot to Baotou in Inner Mongolia). Since then, it has been moving inward. In the fifth year of Yonghe in Shun Di (140), civil strife occurred in the southern Xiongnu. The Dragon King on the left and the Dragon King on the right joined forces to besiege the beautiful millet in Xihe River (where Nandan Feather Pavilion is located), and later introduced Wuhuan to the east, Qiang Hu to the west, and invaded and plundered the four states of Bing, Liang, Seclusion and Hebei. In order to avoid these people's harassment, the Han Dynasty moved the three counties of Xihe, Shang Jun and Shuofang to the south, so the Xiongnu originally distributed in Xihe, Shang Jun and Shuofang went further south, and most of them concentrated in the Fenshui River Basin in the middle of Bingzhou. This provides a favorable environment for them to shift from animal husbandry economy to agricultural economy.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, great changes took place in the Xiongnu who moved inward. In addition to the southern Xiongnu, a branch called Tuge was active at this time. Southern Xiongnu and Tuge are scattered in Gansu, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, among which Shanxi is the largest and strongest. These two groups of Huns united in 304 ~ 329, and established the "Han" regime in Shaanxi and Shaanxi successively. Another branch of Xiongnu, Song Lin Dew Lake, lived between Hexi Corridor in Gansu and Qinghai, and established the "Beijing" regime in Hexi Corridor from 397 to 460. Tiefu Xiongnu, a new branch formed by the integration of Xiongnu and Xianbei, originally lived in Hetao, Inner Mongolia. From 407 to 431year, the "Xia" regime was established in northern Shaanxi. With the successive elimination of the above regimes, the name of Xiongnu gradually disappeared in the late Northern and Southern Dynasties.
In 9 1 year, the Huns admitted defeat in the long war with the Han nationality and began an unprecedented national migration. ...
The southern Xiongnu was attached to the Han Dynasty, while the northern Xiongnu was soaring. The first stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration was Wusun's territory, which is now Ili and the upper reaches, and the second stop was Kangju, which is the upper reaches of the Syr Darya River. The third stop is to talk to Allen, who has reached the edge of Europe. In the 200-year course from 9/kloc-0 to 290, the favored one seems to have disappeared. The blue waves in the north trudged through the snow and desert, looking for their dream homes. This proud nation is not recorded in Chinese and foreign history books. When the History of Persia mentioned that the Huns came out to chat in Alan at the end of the third century, Canglang, who was too hungry and too old, had exposed his minions to the weak western nations ... In the middle of the fourth century, Alan talked about destroying the country and the west shook. Since then, the activities of Xiongnu in the West have never been written into a book.
Shortly after Allen talks about destroying his country, the western countries will face a great disaster before they can mourn for him. In 374 AD, Balambo led Xiongnu fighters to invade East Gothic, but they all came empty. And since the Huns fought with China for three hundred years, they didn't know how much China had learned about the art of war and strategy. Is this something that all barbarians in the west can resist? The Xiongnu supported the war by fighting, which dealt a heavy blow to ostrogoths. When the army of the old East Gothic king Hermanrick was destroyed by Xiongnu, he committed suicide, and Witmir, who succeeded him, was defeated and killed. Hunamont, the son of Hermanlik, led his troops to surrender, and the rest fled to Visigoth under the leadership of Arasius and savery. Others fled to the Balkans.
Athenarie, the king of Visigoth, immediately deployed on the Transnistrian River after learning that the Eastern Goth was destroyed, with the intention of preventing the Huns from crossing the river. Unexpectedly, the Huns sneaked into the enemy camp in the distance and attacked the Siphangoth army at night. When the Visigoths were shocked, more than 20 people crossed the Danube into Rome. Due to the cruel oppression of Roman officials, the Goths revolted in succession.
On August 9th, 378, the Roman Emperor Vallans mobilized troops to fight the Goths in the Adriatic Sea Fort, and the Roman phalanx infantry once crisscrossed Europe and Asia had no position in front of the heavy cavalry of the Goths. In the afternoon, France and forty thousand guards were all killed. The era of phalanx infantry is over. The war shook the foundations of Rome, and Rome could no longer control its own nation and territory. At this time, the Huns returned to the east of Carpathian Mountain to rest.
In 400 AD, Uldin, a Hun, led an army into Hungary to pursue the Goths and crossed the Alps into Italy. This poor Gothic team was wiped out by the western Roman army in Florence to avenge Adribarg. Xiongnu only came to Italy for a period of time, but it brought considerable consequences. Vandal, Ravi and Alancha, the Hungarian aborigines who were first wiped out by Huns, began to flee. These three tribes entered Gaul and fought against the local people. In 409, they crossed the Pyrenees and entered the Iberian Peninsula, and established three countries. At the same time, the Goths led by Alelik also fled to the south from the Xiongnu army, but more than their compatriots a few years ago. They besieged Rome three times in 408, 409, 465 and 438+00 respectively, and besieged the city in 465 and 438+00 respectively, which was the second fall in Roman history.
In this war, under the oppression of the Xiongnu army, all ethnic groups in the western regions merged with each other for survival. The Huns, on the other hand, occupied Banonia (present-day Hungary), put the local Goths under rule and began a carefree grazing life.
After Uldin died, Luke succeeded to the throne. After Luke's death, his two nephews, Boleda and Artie, ruled the country together. During this period, Western Europe was quite calm, while Northern Europe and Eastern Europe were at war. The Anglo-Saxons were forced into exile in the British Isles by the Huns. The Huns in the grasslands of southern Russia also belonged to Attila, and the Slavs and Finns of Russian forest nationalities also gave in. Slavs may enter western Europe for the first time as "Huns' servants" at this time.
After Berida died in 445 AD, Attila led the Huns alone and became the most powerful man in Europe! Wang Ting lies on the grassland east of the Danube.
At this time, everything in Rome should pay tribute to Attila. The glory that Xiongnu lost in the East was found back in the West.
Attila decided to go to war because she refused political marriage and territorial claims to western Rome. In 45 1 year, Attila led 500,000 troops into Gaul, which may be the first time in European history to see such an army. The Roman general Achilles resisted to the north and unified all the barbarian kingdoms oppressed by the Huns. The two sides fought in the Catalonia Plain, and an unprecedented tragic event happened on this day. The number of dead reached150,000 ... Attila saw that the two sides were caught in a meaningless war of attrition, so he led his troops back to China.
The following year, Attila led an army across the Alps and suddenly attacked Italy, destroying all cities in northern Italy and oppressing Rome. In 446, there was an epidemic in the army. Attila saw that the West Rome had made peace, and the reinforcements from the East Rome had returned to China and died in the same year. After World War II, westerners called it God's Whip in fear.
After Attila's death, the powerful Xiongnu began to fight among themselves, with scholars fighting for the throne, nobles fighting for power and profits, killing each other and the Xiongnu disintegrated. The Germans took the opportunity to drive the Huns back to the east of Carpathian Mountain. In 46 1 year, Attila's youngest son, Deng Zhike, tried to rebuild hegemony, but unfortunately he was defeated and died in the war between East Rome. This is the last record of Xiongnu activities in western history books.
In China, it was the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Han-Zhao Qian, Beiliang and Daxia established by the Southern Xiongnu and its branches in China were destroyed in 460 AD.
The Huns in Asia and Europe were mixed with the local ethnic groups, and a tough and brave ethnic group disappeared. Slaves officially withdrew from the historical stage around the world. The legend of the favored one is over.