Royal Garden 1
This is the garden for emperors to rest and entertain. The ancients said that the world is not in the king's land, but in the ruling class.
Over the years, all the mountains and rivers in the country have belonged to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large-scale and more realistic landscapes.
The buildings in the garden are magnificent in color and large in size. The existing famous royal garden is Yihe in Beijing.
Park, Beihai Park in Beijing, and the summer resort in Chengde, Hebei.
Belonging to the emperor and the royal family, it is called Yuan, Yuan Yong, Yu Garden and Yu Garden in ancient books.
2. Private garden
It is a leisure garden for the royal family, nobles and wealthy businessmen. It is characterized by its small scale, so
Rockery and water are commonly used, and the building is small and exquisite, showing its elegant and simple colors. Existing private gardens, such as
Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Netlion Garden in Suzhou, Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai, etc.
Royal gardens are the private property of private nobles, bureaucrats and gentry. In ancient books, it was called gardens, pavilions, villas, pools, mountain pools, mountain villas, other businesses and thatched cottages. 3. Temple garden.
The affiliated gardens of Buddhist temples and Taoist temples also include the gardens in the inner courtyard and peripheral areas of the temples.
This period may be called "Beran period", which is a development period from "solid" to "garden", which is equivalent to the social and historical development of China during the Yin, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties about three or four thousand years ago. As early as primitive times, mankind entered a slave society, and the first important production activity of democracy was hunting persuasion! Fishing and hunting gradually evolved into planting and settlement, domesticated some wild animals, such as pigs, dogs and sheep, and planted some plants, such as grass, wheat, rice and crops. In this way, a certain range of places have appeared in captivity and enclosure. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zao Wen and Jin Wen, words such as "cause, embarrassment", "mirror, turn" have appeared. With the further improvement of productivity, a professional slave class engaged in farming, animal husbandry, handicraft production and various chores appeared. After solving the labor of life, slave owners, those places selected as hunting areas, must be places where animals are concentrated, and hills or forests are lush and overgrown with water and grass, which are the "exports" for planting and breeding animals. According to historical records, the existence and development of this kind of "trap" from Yin to Qin and Han dynasties generally has three characteristics:
1.: The land is vast. Generally speaking, Fiona Fang is within dozens or hundreds of miles. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Zhuangwang "built terraces ... extending for hundreds of miles";
This project is huge. There is a boundary wall around the entrance and a platform building inside the entrance.
3. The increase of artificial facilities. Mountains are far away from hunting grounds and ruling centers, so it is inevitable to build bedrooms in "caves".
The royal garden, the earliest cave dwelling, had a new development in the Han Dynasty. People not only exist in primitive natural forests, but also become more and more specialized. The emperors built palaces and museums here, which not only provided living facilities for hunting, but also equipped with ornamental plants, artificial landscapes and other scenery, and initially possessed the nature of gardens. Since the Han Dynasty, its name has been changed from the ancient "Garden" to "Garden Circle". In the famous Shanglin Garden of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there are Zhang Jian Palace and Taiye Pool. Hundreds of miles around, there are dozens of palaces, various animals such as bear shooting hall, deer view and tiger circle view, and exotic flowers and grasses such as walnuts and purple peaches are planted. However, this fashion is in the early stage of the development of China gardens, and there is no certain planning for the layout of the gardens, and it still has the ancient hunting interest. The arrangement of architecture and landscape is not harmonious and orderly, and the planting of exotic flowers and herbs is only a novelty, although it has some garden properties, which has opened up a new look for future gardening. Generally speaking, it is still in the natural development period.
Tang and song dynasties
This is the formation period of classical gardens in China. The development of China gardens began in the Han Dynasty, and experienced the transition from the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the unification of China in the Sui Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty witnessed a prosperous situation. Due to the expansion of territory, economic development and ethnic integration, it has promoted the development of culture and art and reached an unprecedented period of prosperity. Like other cultural developments, the development of gardens has two remarkable characteristics. First of all, we pay attention to the role of entertainment and appreciation in garden construction. For example, in addition to temple buildings, piling stones to build mountains and digging ponds to draw water from springs have always been concerned. The layout tends to be harmonious, which makes it form a beautiful environment and give play to the functions of rest, sightseeing and even feasting. First of all, the development of painting technology and gardening art promote each other. For example, Liang Sangnv in the Southern Dynasties was good at painting landscapes and could "feel close to Wan Li". The composition, arrangement, levels and colors extracted by painters have greatly enriched the gardening skills, and some painters themselves are outstanding.
The most outstanding achievement in the formation of gardens in China is the combination of gardens, literature and painting. The famous "Genyue" in Song Huizong is also the origin of "Fossil Hill" in Water Margin. This royal garden, with beautiful mountains and rivers, lush trees, overlapping peaks and palaces, is a masterpiece of China classical gardens in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but it was razed to the ground in the war and disappeared on the ground forever.
Ming and Qing dynasties
The heyday of classical gardens in China. After the Northern Song Dynasty was replaced by Liao and Jin Dynasties, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties successively built royal gardens in Yanjing. In the Jin Dynasty, a large number of Liang Yue flower stones were demolished and transported from Kaifeng to Zhongdu. The architectural art of the Yuan Dynasty promoted the cultural exchanges between different ethnic groups in China and between the East and the West, and made the rich and peculiar architectural forms of various ethnic groups in China more colorful. (For example, the White Pagoda of Beijing Miaoying Temple, created by Nepalese artist Anika in the 3rd century, can still be seen today). The Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty were the glorious periods in the history of China's garden development, reaching its peak. This is proved by many physical scenes that we can still witness today. There are three differences between this garden in its heyday and the past: (1) complete functions, (2) various forms and (3) strong artistry. This is a sub-statement:
(1) Full-featured: In various historical periods, the development of parks and resorts has added new contents, such as listening to politics, receiving congratulations, feasting, watching plays, staying in the park, reading, worshipping Buddha, watching, hunting and planting flowers. Even to satisfy the ruler's "magnanimity".
(2) Various forms. Here refers to the architecture as an important part of the garden, whether it is the combination of architectural communities or single buildings, its forms are also diverse. It not only absorbs the local characteristics of various regions and the national styles of various ethnic groups, but also has temples, pavilions and pavilions, as well as the Yuni Buddhist Temple. There are both whitewashed stone walls, bamboo fences and mud basketry, which are flexible and dotted, which is also vividly reflected in the Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions. In the garden layout and arrangement, L 'er absorbed the essence of R-North and South garden art and gathered it according to local conditions. For example, many scenery of Yuanming Three Gardens have reproduced the characteristics of Suzhou, Hangzhou and Yangzhou, and it is not an exaggeration to call it "shifting heaven and shrinking land". (3) artistry. The landscape architecture in BenQ Garden is highly artistic, and its landscape, style, layout, dynamic scenery, dynamic and static scenery and other artistic aesthetic theories have become hot spots, and various architectural forms are integrated with the landscape. Since the meticulous safety of Shui Mu Stone, I have realized the integration of architectural plants and played a three-dimensional image L, even in the style of ancillary facilities, interior decoration, environmental color and so on.
Regarding the landscape of the Prince Slope of Wudang Mountain, I think there are two important signs of how China's garden architecture and gardening ideas reached such a developed artistic level in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
First, the theory of gardening art has made an epoch-making summary, that is, the book "Gardening and Casting" published by Wujiang people in Jiangsu during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. In the past, the principles, artistic skills and practical construction experience of garden design (or management) were only described in fragments in literary works such as poems and travel notes, and no theoretical rules were formed. However, Yuanye is a systematic and summative monograph on landscape architecture. The book consists of three volumes, one is the general theory of gardening ('gardening theory',' gardening theory'), site selection ('fragrant mansion'), foundation and various single buildings (houses and halls), and the other is the image examples of various railings and their styles. Three volumes about "1 windows, walls, paving, building mountains, stacking rocks, borrowing scenery, etc." More than 30,000 words and more than 200 illustrations. It reflects the landscape and artistic level of gardening at that time, and has always been of guiding significance to gardening in China. It can even be said that the Grand View Garden created by Cao Xueqin in A Dream of Red Mansions was also built according to these theories.
Second, a large number of garden artists were born, such as Li Yu (Dai Li Weng), a dramatist in Qing Dynasty, who had his own residential gardens designed and built in the north and south, and the mustard garden in Beijing was the most famous. Yuan and his son are outstanding gardeners and celebrities in the history of gardens. They not only have relics in southern gardens such as Su Yang, but also can be seen in Beijing Beihai Park. According to their living years, we have reason to think that the prototype of the gardener's mountain, which built the grand view garden in A Dream of Red Mansions, should be Zhang and his son.