Wei-Jin is a period of great changes in the history of China. No matter the economy, politics, military affairs, culture and the whole ideology, including philosophy, religion, literature and art, etc., it has undergone a turning point, which is brought about by the second social form variation after the pre-Qin Dynasty. The commodity economy of the prosperous cities in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties has shrunk relatively.
The manifestation of social change in ideology and cultural psychology is the collapse of Confucian Classics in the dominant Han Dynasty. The tedious, pedantic, absurd, neither academic nor theoretical research value of divination and Confucian classics finally collapsed under the impact of the turmoil of the times and the peasant revolution. Instead, the gentry learned the world outlook and outlook on life of the landlord class. Wei and Jin Dynasties were just a period of philosophical re-liberation, active thinking, many questions raised and fruitful results. This era was a liberation process of breaking through the ruling consciousness of hundreds of years and re-finding and establishing theoretical thinking. At that time, there was not too much control and no royal standard, and the cultural and ideological fields were relatively free and open, and the atmosphere of discussion and debate was very strong. It was on this basis that, Different from Confucian classics and literature and art in the Han Dynasty, which praised merits and stressed practicality, a truly speculative and rational "pure" literature and art came into being. He Yan and Wang Bi in philosophy, San Cao, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji in literature and art, and Zhong, Wei and Er Wang in calligraphy all embodied this leap and created a new era of truth, goodness and beauty in consciousness.
from the end of the eastern Han dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties, the basic characteristics of the new ideological trend reflected in cultural aesthetics are: human awakening. It is a kind of historical sound that gradually got rid of the Han Dynasty. Nineteen Ancient Poems and Su Li's poems, which are very similar in style, are the first of a generation in terms of situation and content. They express their feelings directly and deeply when they sigh about daily current affairs, personnel, fame and fortune, enjoyment, etc. In this kind of sigh, what stands out is a feeling and sigh of short life. From Jian 'an to Jin and Song Dynasties, from the middle and lower classes to the royal aristocrats, it spread in a considerable range for a long time and became a typical tone of the whole era.
They all sang the same sigh and thought. This question played an important role in social psychology and ideology at that time. It was a core part of their world outlook and outlook on life. This core was their persistence in life under the trend of skeptical philosophy. On the surface, it seemed to be so decadent, pessimistic and negative, but what was hidden was its opposite, which was their strong desire and nostalgia for life, life, destiny and life. They are right about the dominant ideology of slavery? From the operation to the fate, from the superstition of ghosts and gods to the doubt and negation of moral integrity. It is with the doubt and denial of external authority that there will be the awakening and pursuit of internal personality.
How to fully grasp this short and bitter life in a meaningful and conscious way, and make it richer and more satisfying, has become prominent. In essence, it marks a kind of human awakening, that is, under the condition of doubting and denying the old traditions and beliefs, people rediscover, think, grasp and pursue the meaning of life. People don't have to learn to indulge in debauchery and enjoy drinking, but are attracted and inspired by their inner talents, sexual appearance, character and charm. Here, people are no longer like the external achievements, moral integrity and learning in the Han Dynasty, but mainly the internal speculative spirit and natural and unrestrained behavior, which are respected and saluted.
It is the deeds of people and personality itself, not external deeds, and it has increasingly become the center of philosophy and literature and art in this historical period. People here are still social, that is, the gentry, from lamenting life to paying attention to the evaluation of characters, from the emergence of people's awakening consciousness to the pursuit of people's existence style. Since Cao Pi decided to adopt the nine-category system, Comments on people have officially become the center of social, political and cultural discussions, and because it does not stay in the evaluation of morality, morality, Confucianism and integrity in the Eastern Han Dynasty, people's talents, temperament, style, style, sex and ability have become the focus. In a word, it is not the external behavior of human beings, but the internal spirituality of human beings, which has become the highest standard, completely adapting to the style of the nobles. Among the upper-class literati groups, paying attention to refinement has become the aesthetic ideal of a generation.
Holding the dust in your hand, spouting mysterious words, asking questions and talking, distinguishing talents without hindrance, showing inner wisdom, superb spirit, refined words and deeds and beautiful charm, such as the poem of calligrapher Wang Xizhi: The right army is halal and chic.
They are afraid of early death, pursue immortality, take medicine to make an alchemist, drink alcohol to be angry, talk about Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and practice Xuanli, which is not only longitudinal enjoyment, but also full of philosophical meaning, which constitutes the so-called Wei and Jin demeanor that seems to be so chic, detached and complacent, doing nothing; Medicine, wine, looks, talk about the mysterious, landscape ... have become the necessary sleeves and aura to set off this style.
It is not external, limited and superficial achievements and activities, but the spirit, style and style with infinite potential, which has become the theme of nothingness in philosophy and the model of beauty in art in this period.
As a result, the colorful world of the Han Dynasty gave way to the colorful personality (quiet personality) of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and lyric poetry and figure painting began to mature at this time, replacing the lengthy, elaborate and clumsy Han Fu, stone carvings and portrait bricks. < ! --