The story of the Three Kingdoms is quite popular among the ancient people in China. Song and Yuan Dynasties were put on the stage, and Jin and Yuan performed more than 3 kinds of Three Kingdoms plays. From the Yuan Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Zhi, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms, published by Yu's family in Xin 'an, appeared. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, operas and scripts, combined with the historical materials of Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the Popular Romance of the History of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing Year of the Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with 24 volumes. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Lun and his son Mao Zonggang corrected historical events, added and deleted words, and revised them into 12 copies of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is popular today.
there are many versions of the romance of the three kingdoms, mainly including: Ming Hongzhi's edition of the popular romance of the three kingdoms, with simple words and easy content; Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a commentary on the addition and deletion of Mao Zonggang in Qing Dynasty, was written in the early years of Kangxi, and it is the most widely circulated in the society. People's Literature Publishing House reprinted it for many times.
Author
Luo Guanzhong (133-14) was a popular novelist in Ming Dynasty. His native place is Taiyuan (present-day Shanxi) and Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang), so it is not certain. According to legend, Luo Guanzhong once served as a screen guest of Zhang Shicheng, a peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In addition to the Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he also wrote popular novels such as Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties and dramas such as The Meeting of Dragon and Tiger of Zhao Taizu. In addition, quite a few people think that the last thirty chapters of Water Margin are also his works.
---------------------
The author
There are three opinions about the author of Water Margin:
written by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong.
The whole novel was written by Shi Naian alone. This view is the most familiar to everyone.
The first statement was put forward before the Ming Dynasty. Some people who support this view think that Shi Naian is a fabricated person and does not exist in reality.
There are also two opinions among people who hold the second view:
Some people think that the first seventy chapters of Water Margin were written by Shi Naian, while the last thirty chapters were written by Luo Guanzhong.
In the Records of Hundred Rivers written by Gao Ru in Ming Dynasty, it was said that Water Margin was "the book of Shi Naian in Qiantang and edited by Luo Guanzhong". That is to say, it was mainly written by Shi Naian and edited by Luo Guanzhong. This view is quite influential in academic circles.
Another view is that Water Margin belongs to the cumulative mass creation. Undoubtedly, Shi Naian has consulted, borrowed and absorbed many materials in the creation process, including historical records, notes, some complete novels, opera works or some fragments thereof, but Shi Naian's creative work cannot be denied.
Shi Naian (1296-137) was a novelist in China. The author of Water Margin, one of Four Great Classical Novels in China. Born in Jiangsu generation, Xinghua baijuchang people. There are some disputes about the correctness of his biographical data, and some people say that there is no such person. The author of the Water Margin is controversial, and there is a test that the book was not written by Shi Naian at all, but by Luo Guanzhong. In the TV series "Water Margin" shot by CCTV, the authors are written as Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong.
-----------------------
Academic controversy about the author
The author of Journey to the West is generally considered to be Wu Cheng'en of the Ming Dynasty. All the editions of The Journey to the West published now are signed by Wu Cheng'en. However, since the advent of The Journey to the West, there has been controversy about its author.
The Journey to the West, which was circulated in the Ming Dynasty, has no signature in various versions. Wang Xiangxu in the Qing Dynasty put forward that The Journey to the West was written by Qiu Chuji in the Southern Song Dynasty in his Journey to the West. After this view was put forward, most scholars in Qing Dynasty agreed with it. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Ji Yun and others began to doubt this theory, thinking that The Journey to the West described the customs and customs of the Ming Dynasty in many places, and Qiu Chuji was the last person of the Southern Song Dynasty (a person from a dynasty before the Ming Dynasty); In addition, Huai 'an dialect is used in many places in The Journey to the West, while Qiu Chuji lived in North China all his life and never lived in Huai 'an. There are also Taoist priests and literati in the Ming and Qing Dynasties who think that The Journey to the West is a Taoist alchemist's book.
During the Republic of China, Lu Xun, Hu Shi and others presumed that Huai 'an Wu Cheng'en was the author of the novel The Journey to the West, according to the records in Huai 'an Mansion during the apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty, and according to previous theories. This has become a conclusion.
In the late Republic of China, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after 198, the research on The Journey to the West's authors has gradually become a hot spot. There are still scholars who question Wu Cheng'en's authorship. The reason is that writing The Journey to the West has never been mentioned in Wu Cheng'en's poems and his friends' words. Second, the fact that Wu Cheng'en wrote The Journey to the West in the Records of Huai 'an Prefecture did not indicate that it was a romance or an official, but under normal circumstances, the romance and the official were not recorded in local chronicles; Third, Wu Cheng'en's The Journey to the West was listed in the geographical category (that is, geographical category) in the Bibliography of Qianqingtang written by Huang Yuji, a bibliophile in the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, it has been suggested that The Journey to the West was written by Qiu Chuji, or by his disciples and descendants. There are also few mathematicians who argue that The Journey to the West was written by Li Chunfang, the "Prime Minister of Qing Ci" in the Ming Dynasty. However, due to the scarcity and far-fetched arguments, most scholars do not agree with this statement. On the other hand, the arguments to prove that Wu Cheng'en is the author of The Journey to the West seem to be more and more convincing. Mainly: First, Wu Cheng'en's personal situation is completely consistent with the characteristics of The Journey to the West's creators. Second, a more reasonable and practical explanation is given for all kinds of doubts. Thirdly, the most convincing is the study of dialects in The Journey to the West's texts. After 198, there was a breakthrough in this field, which almost irrefutably proved that Wu Cheng'en was the author of The Journey to the West. (For related research, please refer to Liu Xiuye's works and Yan Jingchang's Poem Rhyme and Authors of Journey to the West.)
So it is generally believed that religion prevailed in the Ming Dynasty, and biographies, legends and other religious legends and folk stories about Master Xuanzang's journey to the west in the Tang Dynasty were widely circulated in the society. It was in this social and cultural background that Wu Cheng'en created today based on the above biographies, legends and stories.
through Wu Cheng'en's re-conception, organization and compilation, compared with the biographies, legends, stories and commentaries circulated before, the novel The Journey to the West is not only rich in content, more complete and rigorous in plot, but also vivid and full in characterization, more colorful in imagination and simple and accessible in language. More importantly, the novel The Journey to the West has reached an unprecedented height in ideological realm and artistic realm. Can be described as a master.
Wu Cheng'en (about 154-1582), whose name was Ruzhong, was born in Sheyang Mountain and was born in Huai 'an, Jiangsu.
Wu Cheng'en didn't get a one-year-old tribute until he was about 4 years old. He went to Beijing to wait for an official position, but he was not selected. Because his mother was poor, he went to work as a county magistrate in Changxing, and was falsely accused. Two years later, he left home. In his later years, he made a living by selling essays, and lived for nearly 8 years.
---------
Please see: A Dream of Red Mansions
At the beginning of the 2th century, the question "Who is the author of a Dream of Red Mansions" once caused a debate in China academic circles, which still exists today. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two theories: first, a dream of red mansions was written by Cao Xueqin; Second, the author of a dream of red mansions is another man.
As for the Dream of Red Mansions itself, in the first chapter, it is said that the true author of this story can no longer be tested, and it was copied, reviewed, added and deleted several times by Cao Xueqin. Generally speaking, it is a mainstream view that Cao Xueqin is the author of this book.
Cao Xueqin (? In 1715? In 1716? In 1724? 1725? —? In 1763? In 1764? ), the name Zhan, the word Meng Ruan, the number Xueqin, Qinpu, Qinxi. My ancestral home is Liaoyang. Ancestors were originally Han Chinese, and later they entered the flag book, which is the Zhengbai flag. China was a famous writer in Qing Dynasty. The author of the famous novel A Dream of Red Mansions.
Gao E (about 1738-about 1815) was a Manchu writer in the Qing Dynasty. The word lanshu, a word cloud scholar. Born in Tieling, Liaoning Province, he wrote 4 sequels to A Dream of Red Mansions.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Cao Xueqin (1715 ~ 1766) Zhan, whose name is Meng Ruan, is called Xueqin, Qinpu and Qinxi. It was originally a Han Chinese in the past, and later became the "coating" of Zhengbai Banner in Manchuria. During the reign of Kangxi, grandfather's uncle Cao Xiqi, three generations and four people inherited Jiangning weaving for 6 years, and became a noble family for a while. Later, due to the fierce internal struggle in the Qing palace, his father was implicated, convicted of cutting officials, his family property was copied, and his family fortune was declining. Cao Xueqin's life coincided with the period when the Cao family went from prosperity to decline. Cao Xueqin moved to the western suburbs of Beijing in his later years, and his life was even poorer. In 1762, his youngest son died prematurely, and Cao Xueqin was heartbroken and could not afford to get sick. On February 12, 1763, he died of poverty and illness (some said he died in 1764).
Cao Xueqin is a poet, and his poems are novel in conception and close in style to Li He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He is also a painter, who likes to paint abrupt and steep stones. Unfortunately, not many of his poems and paintings survived. Cao Xueqin's greatest contribution is to create a literary masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions.
A Dream of Red Mansions was written in Cao Xueqin's miserable old age. It was originally named "The Story of the Stone". It was basically finalized 8 times and was circulated in manuscripts. In 1791, Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E printed and published the book in movable type for the first time, with 12 chapters, and the title was changed to A Dream of Red Mansions. The love and marriage tragedy between Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai is written in the novel, which shows the rise and fall of Jia, Wang, Shi and Xue, reveals the true inside story of the society that gradually collapsed at the end of feudal society, and reflects the requirements of that era for individual liberation and human rights equality and the initial spirit of democracy. A Dream of Red Mansions uses realistic writing techniques to describe and describe rich real social life naturally and realistically, and creates a large number of typical figures. The author is good at portraying characters according to their status in daily life contradictions, and is good at setting off their inner emotions with artistic atmosphere. His characters, such as Jia Baoyu, who is affectionate and full of rebellious spirit, Lin Daiyu, who is narcissistic and sentimental, Xue Baochai, who is kind and skillful in catering, Wang Xifeng, who is fierce and vicious, You Erjie, who is resigned, and You Sanjie, who is unyielding and unyielding, are all vivid. In the depiction of events and characters, the author uses the method of contrast to complement the descriptions of beauty and ugliness, emptiness and reality, domination and being ruled, creating a subtle and profound artistic world. The language of A Dream of Red Mansions is concise and pure, accurate and vivid, and colorful, reaching the state of perfection. The use of poems and songs in the book has played a very good role in characterization and plot development. The brilliant achievement of A Dream of Red Mansions reached the peak of China's classical novels, which had a great influence on later family social novels.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, China's novel creation entered a new period, especially Zhang Hui-style novels entered a stage of perfection. China's first classical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which has the widest spread, the deepest influence, the highest achievement and the greatest boldness of vision, was born and became popular in the world through the pen of Luo Guanzhong, an outstanding novelist who lived in this historical period. He has made great and indelible achievements in the history of Chinese literature development. At the same time, it has added brilliant brilliance to the treasure house of world literature.
Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, is also known as Hu Hai San Ren. The year of birth and death is unknown. Qingyuan, Taiyuan (now Qingxu County, Taiyuan City), was born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and Luo Zhongxiang was an official in Qingzhou in the later Tang Dynasty (now Qingxu). Later, due to the flood of origin and the long way. He settled in Qingyuan, Taiyuan, and moved to Sigou Village, baimashan (now Baishigou) in the west of the city. His father, Luo Jinsheng, has six sons, ranking second in Guanxing.
It is probably because the ancestors of Roche were born as an official. Later generations of Roche family attached great importance to the family history education of "woody water source" for their descendants, and kept the family style of "farming and reading, passing down the family tradition, and teaching children by poetry". Under the influence of this family heirloom, Guanzhong loved reading and consulted classics and history since childhood, which laid a good foundation for his later creation. However, the era in which Guanzhong lived was an extremely sharp and complicated era of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions. The cruel rule and oppression of Mongolian nobles in the Yuan Dynasty aroused the resistance of the people all over the country, and the struggle to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was in full swing. Rebels from all sides, such as Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng, not only fought against the Yuan Army, but also merged with each other. It is said that Luo Guanzhong, who stepped into youth, wandered around the Jianghu under the influence of this great historical turmoil, joined the uprising army led by Zhang Shicheng, merged into its shogunate, and acted as a screen guest. Moreover, Wang Qi's Collection of Chenshi said that he was "interested in seeking the king" and was a man with political ambitions. This can be seen from his later Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
It seems that Luo Guanzhong should benefit from his political frustration when he is engaged in the creation of novels. It is precisely because of this that he has the time and possibility to devote himself to literary creation and become the first writer in the history of Chinese literature to devote himself to novel creation. He has many works handed down from generation to generation, such as Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty, Biography of the Three Sui Demons, Fenzhuanglou, and the zaju Song Taizu Dragon and Tiger Storm. According to legend, he also wrote the popular romance of the seventeenth history and participated in the writing of Water Margin. The preface to The Popular Romance of the Annals of the Western Jin Dynasty, which was interpreted by inchworm Zhai, said: "Roche was born at an untimely time, so he was depressed and could not be exhibited, and started the Water Margin to express his injustice."
Guan Zhong's magnum opus Romance of the Three Kingdoms is probably his later works. This classic literature describes the history of political and military struggles among Wei, Shu and Wu in the nearly one century from the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the first year of Zhongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (18 years) to the unification of China in the first year of Sima Yan Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (28 years). Based on the historical clues and historical figures provided by Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms", he learned a lot of valuable historical materials saved by Pei Songzhi to fill in the gaps, prepare for differences, punish mistakes and argue about the "The History of the Three Kingdoms", and absorbed the rich nutrition of folklore from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty for more than 1, years. On this basis, combined with his life experience of participating in the peasant uprising army at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he gave full play to his outstanding artistic talent and was ingenious.
In this masterpiece, Guan Zhong entrusted his personal feelings of love and hate, and objectively exposed the political, military, open, hidden, legal and illegal contradictions and struggles between feudal ruling groups. It vividly depicts the strategies, tricks and intrigues of the feudal ruling class for fame and gain, intrigue, intrigue and intrigue. Intentionally or unintentionally, it reveals the real historical background and reasons why farmers can't live, take risks and revolt in succession.
As for the artistic achievements of The Romance of Three Kingdoms, there are many aspects, which fully shows that Luo Guanzhong has amazing skills in depicting characters. Among the more than 4 characters in the book, no matter Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, they are also Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Zilong, Huang Zhong, Lu Su, Zhou Yu and Huang Gai.