Kaifeng was also the first city in China where Jews settled. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of Jewish immigrants moved to Tokyo, the then prosperous capital of the Song Dynasty, via Tianzhu (India). The emperor of the Song Dynasty issued a decree: "This is my midsummer, and I will follow the ancestral customs and leave the capital of song dynasty." Ancient Kaifeng Jews maintained a harmonious relationship with the Han and Hui nationalities, and lived and worked in peace and contentment according to their own national customs for more than 700 years. Due to historical, cultural and natural factors, Kaifeng Jews gradually merged with the local ethnic groups, leaving a unique and unforgettable history. The picture on the right shows Kaifeng Longting.
As early as the early Neolithic Age, there were human activities in Kaifeng area. In Xia Dynasty (2 1 century BC to 65438+6th century BC), the seventh emperor of Xia moved the capital to Laoqiu (about 22km east of Kaifeng today), and it took about 157. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 743 BC to 70 BC1year, Zheng Zhuanggong built the "Kaifeng" city in Gucheng Village, Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng City. During the Warring States Period, in 364 BC, the capital was moved from Anyi, Shaanxi Province, and was established in Kaifeng City, with the title of Liang. In 225 BC, Qin destroyed Wei, established Dang County, and established Junyi (Daliang) and Kaifeng counties. In the first year of Han Jing (BC 156), in order to avoid Liu Qizhi of Han Jing, Kaifeng County was changed to Kaifeng County. The Eastern Wei Dynasty set up Liangzhou in Kaifeng. After the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, Liangzhou was changed to Bianzhou. In 7 12 AD, Kaifeng County was transferred to Bianzhou City, with the same profile as Junyi County. In 907, Kaifeng was the capital of Hou Liang, and Bianzhou was promoted to Kaifeng, which was called the East Capital. Kaifeng, the capital of Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou, was established one after another. In 938 AD, Kaifeng was called Tokyo. In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the later Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Kaifeng its capital, and established the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the population was 1.5 million. Kaifeng was not only the domestic economic, political and cultural center, but also the international metropolis of "Xian Tong of all nations". 1 126 Jin captured Kaifeng and changed it to Bianjing. A.D. 12 14 Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Kaifeng. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1 year), Kaifeng, Henan Province was established. In the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), Zhu Yuanzhang made his fifth son Zhu Ke king of Kaifeng. Kaifeng's economy was prosperous in the Ming Dynasty, and it was known as "the thoroughfare of eight provinces" and "the potential is like two capitals". In 1642, Li Zicheng attacked Kaifeng, the Ming army opened the Yellow River, and Kaifeng city was destroyed. There are 370,000 people in the city, leaving only 30,000 people. Kaifeng was established in the Qing Dynasty and became a commercial port in the late Qing Dynasty. With the rise of national capital industry, factories such as machinery, weapons, flour, matches and tobacco have been established one after another. During the Republic of China, Kaifeng was the capital of Henan.
19481Kaifeng was liberated on October 24th. In the same year1October 6, the People's Democratic Municipal Government of Kaifeng Special City was established, 165438, and it was renamed Kaifeng People's Democratic Municipal Government on February 23, 65438. Kaifeng was the capital of Henan in the early days of the People's Republic of China. 1954 10 in June, the provincial capital moved to Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng was the provincial capital city. 1982, Kaifeng was first named as a "historical and cultural city" by the State Council.
Youyou Cultural Song Du Qing
Kaifeng, Henan. The history and culture of this ancient city are often memorable. Sima Qian, a writer in the Han Dynasty, Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi, famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, and Su Shi, a literary giant in the Song Dynasty, all wrote poems praising Kaifeng. Among them, Bai Juyi wrote in the poem "Sui Liu Di": "In the middle of the great cause, I became an emperor, and Liu Chengxing was planted by running water. From the Yellow River in the west to the Huaihe River in the east, there are 1,300 miles of green shadows. At the end of the great cause, the willow color is like smoke and snow. " You can imagine how spectacular and beautiful Kaifeng was at that time.
The sun and the moon fly like a shuttle, and the years leave marks. In history, seven dynasties established their capitals in Kaifeng. Wei in the Warring States Period, the Five Dynasties Period, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Late Northern Song Dynasty and the State of Jin. According to research, ancestors lived near Kaifeng city more than 5000 years ago. At that time, people living here were mainly farmers and herdsmen, living a primitive commune life. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, people living here entered the slave society. In the Spring and Autumn Period, this was the seat of the State of Zheng. In order to open up the frontier, Duke Zheng built a city here and named it Kaifeng. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny and established the Song Dynasty, with Kaifeng as its capital and Tokyo as its capital. Since then, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi have spent 20 years in Kaifeng, the ancient capital, ending the feudal regime of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, and Kaifeng has become the political, economic, transportation and cultural center of the whole country. At that time, Kaifeng's water transport was very developed, with four waterways running through the city: Bianhe River, Huimin River, Zhangwu River and Jinshui River. At that time, there were five or six million mangokus of grain transported from Jiangnan to Beijing every year in the Bianhe area. Now, due to the Song Dynasty, water conservancy projects began to lead Luo into the Bianhe River. The canal opened 50 miles from Biankou to the west and led Yi into the Bianhe River, with a water depth of 10 feet, which made the Bianhe River and yi river communicate with each other and crossed the whole territory of Henan from east to west, becoming the most important traffic artery at that time. From Kaifeng to the north, you can go to Nanjing (now Beijing) in Tongliao; From Kaifeng to the west, passing through Zhengzhou, Xijing and Jingzhaofu (Xi 'an) in Shaanxi; To the southwest, through LULU, Dengzhou, Xiangyang and Jiangling, directly to Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi; To the east, it can reach the coastal areas of Shandong. Kaifeng was an open city at that time, with many religious and cultural categories, large scale and high popularity. Dasuoguo Temple, a royal temple with a long history of fame, Kaibao Temple Tower dedicated to Buddhist relics built in the Northern Song Dynasty, Tianqing Temple Tower, Yanqing Temple, Yuwangtai, xingguo temple Tower, Dayun Temple Tower, Dongda Temple, Ancient Kannonji, Catholic Henan General Temple and Zhu Bao Temple, the first female temple in the province built in the early years of the Republic of China, have complete religious categories. Suoguo Temple, in particular, is a famous temple in Kaifeng history. Many excellent classical novels in China, such as Water Margin and The Journey to the West, have written stories about Suoguo Temple, which have been circulated for thousands of years.
In addition to written records, the most famous landscape in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty is The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Like a documentary, it vividly shows the life scene and social features of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty 800 years ago, and has become a precious historical material for later generations to study various social customs and human history in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the historical chain of Kaifeng, many famous people, such as Cai Yong, Cai Mo, Ruan Ji, Zhong Sicheng and Wang, all wrote their own chapters in Kaifeng. The lyrics of "Kaifeng has a treasure and a green field, and the impartial man can tell the truth from the traitors" have been sung all over the country, and the story of a generation of honest official Bao Zheng vindicating the people is even more well known. The famous stories spread to this day include Yang Jiajiang, national hero Yue Fei, Wang Anshi, honest official Zhang Boxing, Lin Zexu, Humen and so on. In modern times, it has cultivated, Feng Youlan, Deng Tuo, Yao, etc., which is admirable.
Kaifeng, the ancient capital, once lost its brilliant color after wars, fires and floods. In 1642, Li Zicheng attacked Kaifeng, the Ming army opened the Yellow River, and Kaifeng city was destroyed. There are 370,000 people in the city, leaving only 30,000 people. 1840 After the Opium War, China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Because Henan is located at the intersection of the spheres of influence of Shanghai, Tianjin and Hankou, it has become a raw material supply base and a dumping market for foreign goods. Kaifeng, the capital of Henan province at that time, was the first to be affected by this. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Kaifeng was occupied by the Japanese army for seven years and was severely damaged. At present, there are six ancient cities buried under Kaifeng City 13m * *, and the wonders of "a city within a city" are of great archaeological value. Kaifeng was once silent. Tired, she lay in the hinterland of the Central Plains and slept for a long time, almost forgotten. However, the pace of the times has also awakened Kaifeng, an ancient historical capital, and presented a new look. Kaifeng is rich in water resources and is known as the "Northern Water City". The touching legends left by many lakes such as Baogong Lake and Yangjia Lake began to ripple in people's hearts. The magnificent palaces in ancient times have been carefully repaired, forming a unique feature of the Song Dynasty. As soon as I entered Kaifeng, I heard the sonorous, simple, mellow and euphemistic rhyme of the capital of song dynasty. Zhuxian Town's New Year pictures flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, enjoying the same fame as Taohuawu in Suzhou, Yangliuqing in Tianjin and Yangjiabu in Weifang, Shandong. Rich in content, unique in style, smooth in lines, rough and concise, it is the treasure of China engraving and overprinting art. Kaifeng's edge embroidery is unique, with landscape figures, balcony flowers and birds, fine needle and thread, no exposed seams, dazzling velvet, rich in color, distinct in layers and strong in three-dimensional sense, which has become a must-buy for tourists at home and abroad. Kaifeng has a long history of planting chrysanthemums, which can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties more than 600 years ago. The Tang and Song Dynasties, especially the Ming and Qing Dynasties, were famous all over the country. "Among the yellow flowers, chrysanthemum is the most famous." When Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty came to Kaifeng to enjoy chrysanthemums, he wrote a poem in his own hand, leaving a beautiful sentence of "The wind leaves are green and the frost flowers are full of chrysanthemums". In Yuwangtai, Kaifeng, there is still a dead chrysanthemum poem monument. Every autumn, the ancient city of Kaifeng, the autumn wind is cool, chrysanthemums are fragrant, and flowers are everywhere, which is spectacular. "Flowers are set off by scenery, and scenery is based on flowers." People are crazy in the sea of chrysanthemums. It's really "October flowers are in chaos, and the fragrance moves the chrysanthemum city for ten miles." Today, Kaifeng, full of new vitality, enjoys the reputation of "hometown of opera", "hometown of woodblock New Year pictures", "hometown of Bianxiu" and "hometown of chrysanthemums".
In Kaifeng, you can see all kinds of folk arts, such as lion dance, drums, stilts, dry boat, suona and so on. You are developing new temples, Imperial Street, Riverside Garden on Qingming Festival, Hanyuan Forest of Steles, Western-style clothes, Kaifeng House, Daliangmen, Longting Lake, Lake, Fanta and Yu. Wandering in the brightly lit night market, surrounded by tourists from home and abroad, listening to the mellow local accent of "Miss Zhong" and "very strong", my heart can't help heating up. Kaifeng in the Seven Dynasties wrote a new chapter in the waves of the times, and it was radiant with brilliance.