Q: What was the first complete architectural work in ancient China?

Building French Style was published in the second year of Song Chongning (1 103). It is a standard book on architectural design and construction officially promulgated by the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is the most complete work on architectural technology in China's ancient books. Creating French Style is edited by Song Jiangzuo. More than a hundred years after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty, great construction was carried out, palaces, government offices, temples and gardens were built one after another, with luxurious and exquisite shapes, corrupt officials in charge of projects, and the state treasury was unable to cope with huge expenses. Therefore, it is urgent to formulate various design standards, norms, relevant materials, building quotas and indicators, clarify the hierarchy of buildings, the artistic forms of buildings and strict material boundaries to prevent corruption and theft. For six years (109 1), Zhezong Yuanyou compiled "Building French Style" for the first time, which was issued by the emperor and was called "Yuan You French Style" in history. Due to the lack of material system and extensive materials, the book could not prevent various drawbacks in the project, so in the fourth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1097), Li Jie was ordered to rewrite it. Based on his rich experience in architectural engineering in the past 65,438+00 years, Li Jie consulted a large number of documents and old rules and regulations, collected the operating rules and technical essentials of various types of work and the modeling and processing methods of various building components told by craftsmen, and finally compiled this book "Architectural Style" which has been handed down to this day, and it was nationwide in the second year of Chongning (65,438+065,438+003). "Building French" is mainly divided into five main parts, namely, 34 volumes of explanation, system, work limit, material examples and drawings, "View between examples" and the directory 1 volume. Volume 1 and volume 2 are general explanations and examples, and the different names of various architectural terms in ancient literature, the common names at that time and the official names used in the book are verified. General case is a general rule in the whole book, including the rules of determining the direction, horizontal and vertical, finding the practical data of squares, circles and various regular polygons, the meanings of common words such as width, thickness and length, and the principles of calculating materials. Volumes 3 to 15 are the working systems of 13, such as trench village, stone work, big wood work, Joinery Work, sculpture work, rotation work, sawing work, bamboo work, tile work, clay work, color painting work, brick work and firing. , detailing the design specifications of various parts of the building, the balance of various components, the standard data of proportion, construction methods and procedures. Volumes 16 to 25, according to the contents of various systems, stipulate the composition labor quota and calculation method of each type of work, the number of auxiliary workers required for each type of work, and the workload of loading, unloading, shelving and towing required for transportation such as ships, cars and manpower. The most valuable thing is to record the bulk density of various materials measured at that time. Volumes 26-28 stipulate the material quota of each type of work, namely "material examples", in which the material shall prevail, such as citing the timber specifications at that time, indicating which components are applicable; Or subject to the project, such as painting the wall (red), the thickness of each abbot after drying is 1.3 cm, and several kilograms of lime, songka and soil Zhu are needed. At the end of Volume 28, there is an article called "Classification of Works", which divides various projects into three classes according to their nature requirements, so that the construction configuration is suitable for craftsmen. Volumes 29-34 are drawings, including floor plans, sectional views, component details, painted patterns of various carving and measuring tools, stone carvings, wood products, Joinery Work, wood carvings and painted works at that time. The content of "looking at details" is the interpretation of some theories and historical traditions in various types of work systems, such as the drawing method of roof slope curve, the proportion of various geometric shapes used in calculating materials, the method of determining vertical and horizontal directions, and the standard of determining working days according to different seasons. Throughout the Architectural Style, its content has several characteristics. First, develop and adopt a modular system. The book introduces the "material sharing system" in detail. The height of the material is divided into 15 minutes, and the thickness is 10 minutes. The height between the two arches of a bucket arch is set at 6 "minutes" and "rafters", and all large wooden members are determined by "materials", "minutes" and "rafters". This is the first clear written record of modular system in the architectural history of China. Second, the flexibility of design. Although there are strict regulations in various systems, there are no regulations on the layout of group buildings and the plane size of single buildings, and the regulations of various systems are often accompanied by a small note of "increase or decrease as appropriate". Therefore, designers can exert their creativity on the scale of components according to the specific situation and under the general principle. Thirdly, a lot of technical experience is summarized. For example, according to the traditional wooden frame structure, it is stipulated that all columns have "side angles" and the columns are "raised", which makes the whole frame lean inward and increases the stability of the frame; At the beam-column connection, bucket arch support is adopted to reduce the shear force at the beam end; The batching and firing methods of bricks, tiles and glass, as well as the color matching methods of various color painting pigments are described. Fourth, the unity of decoration and structure. This book has detailed articles and paintings of stone engineering, brick engineering, Joinery Work engineering, paintings and so on. , columns, beams, bucket arches and other components specify their structural requirements. (9) Are you a good girl? Made by the method of "rolling and killing". This technology has become one of the characteristics of classical architecture in China by making full use of structural components, performing appropriate artistic processing and exerting its decorative function. The most realistic significance of the publication of "Building French Style" in the Northern Song Dynasty is the strict quantity restriction. This book is one of all kinds of financial laws and regulations formulated during Wang Anshi's reign in order to put an end to corruption. So the book uses a lot of space to describe the limits of the work and examples of materials. For example, to calculate the labor quota, according to the length of the four seasons, it is divided into medium-sized workers (spring and autumn), long-term workers (summer) and short-term workers (winter). The work value is subject to intermediate workers, and the long-term workers are reduced and increased by 10% respectively. Military industry and employees also have different quotas. Secondly, according to the requirements of grade, size and quality, such as transportation distance, downstream or countercurrent of water flow, hardness and softness of processed wood, the calculation method of work value is stipulated. The material sample part has a detailed and specific quota for the consumption of various materials. These regulations set strict standards for budget and construction organization, which is convenient for production and inspection, and effectively put an end to corruption and theft in civil engineering. The modern significance of "Building French Style" lies in that it reveals the methods used in the wooden buildings such as palaces, temples, yamen and mansions of the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty, which enables us to have a very detailed understanding of the buildings at that time and supplement the important links in the development of ancient Chinese architecture. Through the account in the book, we also know some building equipment and decorations that have never been preserved in existing buildings and are no longer used today, such as laying bamboo nets under eaves to prevent birds, laying woven bamboo mats on indoor floors, using carved plates for rafters, and wrapping beams with carved wooden boards. The biennial edition of Architectural French has been lost, and it was reprinted in the fifteenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 145), but it has not been handed down. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Pingjiang Tower was reprinted, and only the residual copies were preserved and repaired in the Yuan Dynasty. At present, the commonly used version is 19 19 Shi Ding's manuscript "Architectural French" (hereinafter referred to as "Final Edition") found by Mr. Zhu Qiqian in Nanjing Jiangnan Library (now Nanjing Library), which is well preserved. In order to reduce photocopying, it is a small lithograph, which will be photocopied by the Commercial Press in the following year. 1925, the Ding edition was collated with the Si Ku Quan Shu, and then printed according to the layout and size of the residual leaves of the Song Dynasty, making it a pottery edition. After that, it was restored and copied into Universal Library by the Commercial Press according to the pottery plate, and reprinted into the popular version on 1954.