Detailed summary of high school chemistry knowledge points I. Common names
Inorganic part:
Soda, soda ash, trona, oral alkali: Na2CO3.
Baking soda: sodium bicarbonate.
Soda: Na2S2O3.
Gypsum (raw gypsum): CaSO4.2H2O
Gypsum: 2CaSO4 .H2O
Fluorite: CaF2.
Barite: BaSO4 (nontoxic).
Ammonium bicarbonate: NH4HCO3.
Limestone and marble: CaCO3.
Quicklime: Cao.
Hydrated lime and hydrated lime: Ca(OH)2.
Salt: sodium chloride.
Glauber's salt: Na2SO4 7H2O (laxative).
Caustic soda, caustic soda and caustic soda: NaOH.
Chlorite: FaSO4 7H2O.
Dry ice: carbon dioxide.
Alum: potassium sulfate 2. 12h2o.
Bleaching powder: Ca (ClO)2, CaCl2 (mixture).
Diarrhea salt: magnesium sulfate 7H2O.
Bile alum and blue alum: CuSO4 5H2O.
Hydrogen peroxide: H2O2.
Alumni: ZnSO4 7H2O.
Silica, when applicable: silica.
Corundum: Al2O3.
Sodium silicate, sodium silicate, mineral glue: Na2SiO3.
Iron red and iron ore: Fe2O3.
Magnetite: Fe3O4.
Pyrite and pyrite: FeS2.
Copper complex and malachite: Cu2(OH)2CO3.
Siderite: FeCO3.
Chalcopyrite: Cu2O.
Bordeaux mixture: calcium hydroxide and copper sulfate.
Sulfur mixture: calcium hydroxide and sulfur.
Main components of glass: sodium siloxane, siloxane and silica.
Calcium superphosphate (main components): Ca (H2PO4)2 and CaSO4.
Calcium superphosphate (main component): Ca (H2PO4)2.
Natural gas, biogas and biogas (main components): CH4.
Water gas: carbon monoxide and H2.
Ammonium ferrous sulfate (light blue-green): Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2 is light green after being dissolved in water.
Photochemical smog: NO2 is a toxic gas produced by light.
Aqua regia: concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 3.
Thermite: Al+Fe2O3 or other oxides.
Urea: carbon dioxide.
Organic part:
Chloroform: chloroform.
Calcium carbide: CaC2.
Carbide gas: C2H2 (acetylene).
TNT: trinitrotoluene
Alcohol, ethanol: C2H5OH.
HCFCs: It is a good refrigerant and toxic, but it will destroy the ozone layer. .
Acetic acid: glacial acetic acid and vinegar CH3COOH.
Cracking gas components (petroleum cracking): olefins, alkanes, alkynes, H2S, CO2, CO, etc.
Glycerol, glycerol: C3H8O3.
Composition of coke oven gas (coal dry distillation): H2, CH4, ethylene, CO, etc.
Carbonic acid: phenol.
Formaldehyde: formaldehyde HCHO.
Formalin: 35%-40% formaldehyde aqueous solution.
Formic acid: formic acid HCOOH.
Glucose: C6H 12O6.
Fructose: C6H 12O6.
Sucrose: C 12H22O 1 1.
Maltose: C 12H22O 1 1.
Starch: (C6H 10O5) n
Stearic acid: C 17H35COOH.
Oleic acid: C 17H33COOH.
Palmitic acid: C 15H3 1COOH.
Oxalic acid: HOOC—COOH oxalate discolors blue ink, which is strongly acidic and decomposes into CO2 and water when heated, thus discoloring KMnO4 acidic solution.
Second, color.
Iron: Iron powder is black; A whole piece of solid iron is silvery white.
Fe2+- light green.
Fe3o 4- black crystal.
Fe(OH)2- white precipitate.
Fe3+- yellow.
Fe(OH)3- reddish brown precipitate.
Fe(SCN)3- blood red solution.
FeO- black powder.
Iron (NH4)2(SO4)2- light blue green.
Fe2o 3- reddish brown powder.
Black solid.
Copper: Simple substance is purplish red.
Cu2+- blue.
CuO- black.
Cu2O- red.
Copper sulfate (anhydrous)-white.
Copper sulfate 5h2o-blue.
Cu2(OH)2c O3- green.
Copper hydroxide-blue.
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4- dark blue solution.
Others:
BaSO4, BaCO3, Ag2CO3, CaCO3, AgCl, Mg (OH)2 and tribromophenol are all white precipitates.
Al(OH)3 white flocculent precipitate.
H4SiO4 (orthosilicic acid) white colloid precipitation.
Cl2 chlorine water-yellow-green.
F2- light yellow green gas.
Br2- dark reddish brown liquid.
I2- violet black solid.
HF, HCl, HBr and HI are all colorless gases, which will form white fog in the air.
Ccl 4- colorless liquid, denser than water, immiscible with water.
Potassium permanganate-purple.
MnO 4- purple.
Na2O2—-light yellow solid.
Ag3po4-yellow precipitate.
Yellow solid.
AgBr-- light yellow precipitate.
Agi-yellow precipitate.
O3- light blue gas.
SO2-a colorless and irritating toxic gas.
Solid colorless solid (boiling point 44.8 degrees Celsius).
Magenta solution-red.
N2O4, NO- colorless gas.
NO2- reddish brown gas.
NH3- colorless gas with pungent smell.
Third, the phenomenon
1. The reaction between aluminum flake and hydrochloric acid is exothermic, while the reaction between Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl is endothermic.
2. Sodium reacts with H2O (with phenolphthalein), melts, floats on the water surface, rotates and releases gas (melts, floats, swims, hisses and is red).
3. Flame reaction: Na yellow, K purple (through blue cobalt glass), Cu green, Ca brick red, Na+ (yellow), K+ (purple).
4. Copper wire burns in chlorine to produce brown smoke.
5. H2 burning in Cl 2 is a pale flame.
6. The combustion of sodium in chlorine produces a lot of white smoke.
7. The combustion of P in chlorine produces a lot of white smoke.
8. When SO2 is introduced into magenta solution, it will fade first and then recover its original color after heating.
9, NH3 and HCl meet to produce a lot of white smoke.
10, aluminum foil burns violently in oxygen to produce dazzling white light.
1 1. Magnesium bars produce dazzling white light when burned in air, and white powder (MgO) and black smoke when burned in carbon dioxide.
12. Iron wire burns in Cl2, producing brown smoke.
13, HF corrodes glass: 4HF+SiO2 =SiF4+2H2O.
14 and Fe(OH)2 are oxidized in the air: from white to grayish green, and finally to reddish brown.
15. At room temperature: iron and aluminum are passivated in concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3.
16, dropping FeCl3 solution into a test tube containing phenol solution, and the solution is purple; Phenol turns pink in the air.
17, protein will turn yellow when it encounters strong HNO3, and it will smell like burnt feathers when it burns.
18, burning in air:
A faint light blue flame.
H2- light blue flame.
H2S- light blue flame.
Cobalt blue flame.
CH4- bright blue flame.
S burns in O2- bright blue-purple flame.
19. Characteristic reaction phenomenon:
20. Pale yellow solid: sulfur or Na2O2 or AgBr.
2 1. Gases that change the color of magenta solution: SO2 (red after heating) and Cl2 (red after heating).
22. Colored solution:
Fe2+ (light green).
Fe3+ (yellow).
Cu2+ (blue).
MnO4- (purple).
Colored solids:
Red (copper, Cu2O, Fe2O3).
Reddish brown [Fe(OH)3].
Black (CuO, FeO, FeS, CuS, Ag2S, PbS).
Blue [Cu(OH)2].
Yellow (AgI, Ag3PO4).
White [Fe(0H)2, CaCO3, BaSO4, AgCl, BaSO3].
Colored gas:
Cl2 (yellow-green).
NO2 (reddish brown).
How to learn chemistry well? First, pay attention to basic knowledge.
There are some similarities between the structure of chemical knowledge and English. In the process of learning English, we know that to understand the meaning of sentences, we must master words, and to master words, we must master letters and phonetic symbols. To make an inappropriate analogy, a sentence in chemical knowledge is a chemical formula, a letter is an element symbol and a phonetic symbol is a valence. These are the basic knowledge that must be mastered skillfully to learn chemistry well. Mastering them will lay a good foundation for studying elemental compounds and acid, alkali and salt knowledge in the future.
Second, we should pay attention to method memory.
As the saying goes, "those who get the law get twice the result with half the effort." Beginners in chemistry have a lot of knowledge to memorize. Therefore, only by mastering good memory methods can we get twice the result with half the effort and improve learning efficiency. Here are some memory methods.
1。 Repetition is the basic method of memory.
Repeated memory of some chemical concepts, such as element symbols, chemical formulas, certain definitions, etc. , is the most basic method of effective memory.
2。 Understanding is the premise of memory.
The so-called understanding means that you can answer not only "what" but also "why" to a question. For example, after knowing the structure of a substance, we should also understand the meaning of this structure. In this way, it is easy to remember the properties of substances, and then remember the preparation methods and uses of substances. Therefore, we should try our best to remember any question on the basis of understanding.
3。 Bring new memories with old memories.
Don't memorize new knowledge in isolation, but organically link old and new knowledge. For example, when learning redox reaction, we should remember it in connection with the valence knowledge we have learned before, which not only consolidates the old knowledge, but also deepens our understanding of the new knowledge.
4。 Homophonic memory method
We can memorize some knowledge by homophonic method. For example, the content order of elements in the earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and hydrogen can be made into such a homonym: an aunt named Yang (oxygen) bought an (aluminum) (iron) alloy pot cover (calcium) and took (sodium) home (potassium).
5。 Memorization of songs and rhythms
The knowledge that must be memorized is very easy to remember if it can be condensed into songs and catchy. For example, the valence of elements can be compiled as: "univalent potassium sodium silver hydrogen chloride, bivalent calcium oxide barium magnesium zinc, aluminum trisulfide 246, the valence of nitrogen and phosphorus is 35, iron 23 to carbon 24, and the valence of copper and mercury is 12". For another example, the experimental points of hydrogen reduction of copper oxide can be arranged as follows: first introduce hydrogen, then illuminate, stop heating, and then stop hydrogen.
Third, we should attach importance to experiments.
Doing experiments well is the basis of learning chemistry well, so we should take it seriously. Before each experiment, we must first make clear what the purpose of the experiment is, then keep in mind the main points of the experimental device and operate carefully according to the operation steps. Secondly, we should learn to observe the experiment, pay attention to the state of reactants, the color state of products, the conditions of reaction, and the phenomena in the process of reaction ... in order to make a correct conclusion. For example, when doing magnesium combustion experiment, we should not only pay attention to the phenomenon of dazzling white light and releasing a lot of heat, but also pay attention to the white solid generated after magnesium combustion. Because this white solid is magnesium oxide, unlike magnesium, the combustion of magnesium is a chemical change. In addition, making a good record of the experiment and writing an experiment report after the experiment can not be ignored.
Fourth, we should pay attention to summing up and reviewing regularly.
"Chemistry is easy to learn, easy to understand and easy to forget", many students who are new to chemistry have this experience. If you want to master what you have learned, you should summarize it in time and review it systematically after each chapter or unit.
When you make a summary, you should first sort out the class notes, then classify them and list the summary outline or table. For example, the outline of the first chapter of junior high school chemistry is as follows: 1. Basic concepts; 2。 Important chemical reactions; 3。 Important reaction types; 4。 Important experiments; 5。 The basic laws of chemistry; 6。 Important chemical calculations.
Pay attention to regular review while summing up. Review is the most effective means to prevent forgetting, and it is best to strike while the iron is hot. That is to say, the lessons of the day are reviewed on the same day, so that the degree of forgetting is small and the learning effect is good. For the knowledge you have learned before, you should also take time to browse from time to time and "learn from time to time" so that you can firmly grasp the knowledge.