6 1- persuade 1 mainly use enough, the people should give less, and the farmers should encourage (encourage, reward). At 2 o'clock, Zhou Yu was sent to Fanyang, and Su advised Yu to return to 63- 1. However, it's like standing (retreating) because you are holding the wall. After Qin attacked Zhao, Li Mulian came again. ) 5 My wife and my son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. , but frantically I packed my books and poems (looking back) 6 Everyone gradually felt a strange local accent, but they hated that Yinger sounded like an old mountain (but, but) 64-for example, 1, sat for a while and went to the toilet repeatedly (go, go, go) 3 The deceased was like a husband, and he didn't give up day and night (like it, like it) If (What if) 6 is like the earth and rocks (such as-what, right-what to do) 65- if 1 However, although China holds our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor (such as, like, like) 2 If you go into the past, you will live for a long time (you, yours, you) 3 If you stop printing three or two. There is a meaning of "like that") 66- goodness 1 accumulated goodness becomes virtue, and the gods are complacent (good deeds) 2. Be a good person, Liu Hou Sean (friendly and friendly) 3. Good and false (good deeds, good things) 5. The late Lord said "good" (good, right) 7. (small quantity, not much.
There are several people here. ) since the funeral, I have had less sleep and the night is wet. The guest was not feeling well, so he sat slightly. Therefore, they are neither expensive nor cheap, neither long nor short (teenagers, young people; Young) 5 If you want to maintain public order in the world, there is nothing you can do (decrease, decrease) 6 If you show that the king is familiar with Su Qin, you know very little about it (despise, despise) 67-The Chu people waded across the river (cross) 2. Driving China scholars to travel far and wide (entering and reaching) 4. Exploration: read a lot of books without necessarily seeking their essence. Can resist) 2 If the prisoner is afraid of being crushed (exhausted) 3 If he doesn't bribe, he still has the potential to win (victory, victory, victory) 4 A person's intelligence can't win (surpass, surpass) all the people in the world. 5 Yu Baling wins (beauty, goodness) 69- bosom friend 1 We meet. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? (Know, know) 2 Widowed. Epiphany) 3 Because I laughed, I said "You know" (remember) 70- 1 Make Qu Yuan's decree (dispatch and command) 2. It's better to welcome it, Zhao Gui (make, let) 3. Qu Ping Shu, no longer serving, make Qi (make) four people make it (command) 5. Instruct) 8 make the three countries love their places (if) 7 1- 1. I think today is not yesterday (yes, I think it's right). 2 I am under the six countries (this, this, these). 3 I am confident that I am the daughter of Beijing, and my parents' house at the foot of Toad Mountain is sacred, beneficial to saints, stupid and beneficial to fools (therefore, yes: therefore. Gai Yuanjian (based on: therefore) 72- 1 Zhou Xingru (with the title) 73- 1 This book says that "Chen (writes, writes down) 3 and then sends the book to the court (evidence) 74- 1. Who is the king or prince? (pass) familiarity. Which is more ...) 75- belongs to 1, and it is a good article and feasible (systematic, yes) 76- 65438. Principle of Survival (Fate) 4 Counting Lu Shi Meng's Uncle as Inverse (List) 5 Counting Fan Zeng and Wang Xiang (Repeatedly) 6 I should follow, but I can't. Please count the scholars' going to Japan, and even Northland will be defeated by Jinbi's army, so as to send them (count) 77- 1 rate exhausted soldiers and (lead, lead) hundreds of people 2. Let her heart share everything with us (talk) bit by bit. 2. Listen to the details. He wants to punish those who have made meritorious deeds (speech, statement and opinion). 3. Teacher's Notes and Snake Catcher's Notes (a style). 4. Fan Zeng said that Xiang Yu said (persuasion, persuasion). 5. Qin Wang didn't say (through Yue, happy). 79- private/private. Private) 4 Dan can't bear to be selfish, but it hurts his elders (selfish, private) 5 Wang Nai suspects that Fan Zeng has an affair with Korea, and he has a slight right (personal relationship, secret activities) to weave 80- Su 1 13, and he can learn from tailors (Bai Shengsi) 4 Su Liang (total, total) 6 Qin Bosu as a suburb. No literary talent) 8 1- soup 1 Please serve the soup pot (hot water, boiled water) 2. I have never abandoned soup (soup). 3. Soup is hot (the same as "scalding", boiling with hot water). 5. Soup is inexhaustible. Wang Ran cried (shed tears), disciples cried (shed tears), 83 disciples were 1 disciples, and their sages were not as good as Confucius (associates, a kind of people), 2 Qin Cheng was afraid of being bullied (in vain), 3 disciples were with us (only, but), and many white people in Class 4 walked (on foot). Death is unjust (escape, escape). 2 The death of the vassal, the loss of the deceased after defeat (loss, loss). 3 Liu Biao's new death (death, death). 4 He died after defeat, and he had to (absolutely).
2. Common sense of China classical literature in high school.
1. The literature from ancient China to Qin Shihuang's unification of China (22 BC1year) is called pre-Qin literature.
Myth existed before the invention of writing. Myth is full of rich imagination and is the source of China's romantic literature.
3. The most popular myths in China are "Goddess of mending the sky", "Houyi shooting at the sun", "Jingwei filling the sea" and "Goddess of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon".
4. Shangshu is the earliest collection of historical documents in China, and it is said that it was edited by Confucius.
5. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, including 305 pieces of music from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.
6. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, which included the poems of Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Because of its Chu voice, it is called Chu Ci, which has a far-reaching influence on later literary creation.
7. Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in China, and Li Sao is his masterpiece.
8. "Xiu Yuan is a long way to go, and I will go up and down" is a famous sentence in Qu Yuan's Lisao.
9. Pre-Qin prose refers to the prose in the pre-Qin period, which is divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are the representatives of historical prose in the pre-Qin period. The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi and Zhuangzi are the representatives of hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period.
10, Zuo Zhuan is China's first narrative historical work, which has made great achievements in history, literature and language.
1 1. The Analects of Confucius is a documentary collection of essays, which recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his students and was written by Confucius' students. This Confucian classic has a great influence on China culture.
12, "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" (It's a great pleasure to have friends from afar) "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you" (don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you), which is a famous saying in The Analects of Confucius.
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3. Classical Chinese, literary common sense
believe
Letters and gifts
The first book: Chinese book, the official title of the Southern Dynasties.
The second book, Letters, is a style.
So we know that "Thank you for writing a book" is a letter written by Tao Hongjing to Xie Zhongshu.
Books are letters, and ancient books are also called "letters" or "letters", which is an applied style. However, China's applied style has never rejected the aesthetic literary attribute, especially the integration of letters, and China's ancient lyric prose began with letters. The combination of practicality and aesthetics of letters is perfect. Letters of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties focus on practicality, and most scholars have no intention of writing them as aesthetic works. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the works of some literati, the practical function of letters was obviously weakened and the aesthetic expression was strengthened day by day. Some letters are intentionally written as pure literary works (see the preface to China's Letters Literature History by Zhan). Yi Yu has various literary functions and can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife. You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "A Book with Song and Yuan Dynasties"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source, you can also talk about literature, such as Cao Pi's With the Quality of Martial Arts, you can also talk about politics, such as Ouyang Xiu's Book of Raising Officials through Going to the Sea, and you can also visit dignitaries to encourage them to study in the future, which has formed a unique tradition of writing. Like other styles, Ju Chi also pays attention to the layout and quality of articles. In addition, letters are not always marked with the word "book", such as Su Shi's Yuzidi and Answering Qin Taixu.
4. Common sense of China's classical literature
Test requirements: 1, understand the content of the article and the author's point of view. 2. Understand the basic content of simple classical Chinese after class. 3. Translation of classical Chinese 4. Commonly used notional words 5. Commonly used function words 6. Dictation of texts or fragments. 7. Read or break sentences correctly.
Classical Chinese translation
(1) Principles of classical Chinese translation.
The three basic principles of translating classical Chinese are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The requirement of "faithfulness" is to be faithful to the content of the original text and the meaning of every sentence, and to translate it literally in modern Chinese. The requirement of "Da" is that the translated modern text should be clear in meaning, fluent in language and unchanged in tone. The requirement of elegance is to accurately express the content, form and style of the original text in concise, beautiful and literary modern Chinese. . Generally, "trust" and "reach" are enough.
(2) The key to classical Chinese translation is to accurately translate keywords.
(3) Five-character translation of classical Chinese:
1. Leave proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, place names, official names, vessels, time nouns, etc. You can record it without translation.
Example: "In the spring of the fourth year of Li Qing, Teng Zi was appointed as the guardian of Baling County." (The Story of Yueyang Tower)
2. Omission elements should be supplemented when translating classical Chinese.
3. Delete some function words in ancient Chinese, which are no longer used and can be deleted without translation. For example, the word "fu" is equivalent to the "zhi" of pause.
4. When translating, ancient words should be replaced by corresponding modern words. Example: in "Year is the second", the word "Year" is replaced by "Year".
5. When translating ancient Chinese, such as predicate preposition, attributive postposition, preposition object postposition and preposition object structure, the word order should be adjusted to conform to the grammatical rules of modern Chinese.
5. Remember the literary common sense of classical Chinese inscriptions.
Say: a style that explains some truth by commenting or describing things. Say, also known as gossip. This is a style very similar to today's prose or essay. The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. The early "saying" was a "rhetoric" in which counselors offered advice and suggestions to the monarch, requiring simple explanation, vivid wit and more metaphors, legends and fables to enhance the persuasion effect. Later, the style of "Shuo" changed from oral to written, and evolved into a style of explaining meaning and telling with one's own mind. The form is free and lively, with the nature of essays and miscellaneous feelings, or mainly narrative or discussion. Some "Shuo" which is close to literary prose generally does not adopt the genre of "Lun". For example, Ailian said, the snake catcher said, the horse said and so on.
Inscription: An ancient writing carved on an object to warn oneself or state achievements, called "inscription". Inscriptions carved on the tablet and placed on the right side of the case for self-defense, such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Ming", are called "mottos". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.
Reporter: Books, articles or stylistic records describing things are also an ancient style with the meaning of "ambition": ~. ~ description. Pen ~ miscellaneous. Travel ~. Big deal. Yueyang tower ~.
Table: It is a unique style in ancient China. In ancient times, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. During the Warring States Period, they were collectively referred to as "books", such as Le Yi's Letter to Yan Hui Wang and Li Si's exhortation to expel guests. "Book" is a general term for letters and opinions. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four subcategories: chapter, performance, speech and discussion. Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Biao: "Zhang Xie thanked you, played it according to the disintegration, expressed his feelings, and refused to disagree." It can be seen that the main function of the watch is to express the loyalty and hope of the courtiers to the monarch. Although the specific content is different, it is inseparable from the use of lyric techniques. Therefore, "moving with emotion" can also be said to be a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style also has its own special format, such as saying "what did I say" at the beginning, and often saying "I'm afraid, I nod my head and die" at the end.
6. Summarize the seven literary common sense of classical Chinese.
Sentence inversion The position of syntactic elements in ancient Chinese and modern Chinese is basically the same.
Generally speaking, Chinese sentence elements have a certain order. If the subject comes first and the predicate comes last; Verb predicate comes first and object comes last; Modifying the restriction before the head word or the supplementary component after the predicate.
However, in ancient Chinese, when some words act as sentence components, they are inconsistent with the position order of modern Chinese. Sometimes the object can be placed in front of the verb predicate, the attribute can be placed behind the head, and sometimes the predicate can even be placed in front of the subject.
There are five kinds of common inverted sentences: 1 preposition object: there are structural auxiliary words in the negative sentences of interrogative sentences; (2) Attributive postposition: quantitative attributive postposition, modified attributive postposition and "zhe" phrase postposition; 3 preposition preposition and preposition position; 5 Predicate preposition (1) preposition object should be placed before verb predicate in a certain context, which is the most prominent one in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, this kind of preposition is conditional.
There are three kinds: first, interrogative pronouns in interrogative sentences are used as objects in advance. For example, (1) the king to fuck? Is Pei Gong there? (3) I am really incompetent. Who dares to complain? (4) There are hundreds of holy kings. What can I do? ⑤ "Xu Ziguan?" Say "crown"
Say, Guan Ni said: Guan Su. 6. Who is bullying me, bullying the sky? The interrogative pronouns "He", "An", "Who", "Who" and "Xi" are all taken as objects and placed before the predicate.
"Dare" in Example (3) is a willing verb and must be linked with the verb, so "Who" is used before "Dare". The most enlightening example is (6). Of course, "bullying the sky" is also a problem.
But because the object "Tian" is a noun. Not an interrogative pronoun.
So put it after the verb "bully". Second, common negative words should be added before pronoun objects in negative sentences: no, mother, nothing, no, happiness, parting, mo, etc.
But if you are not the king, you have nothing. (Never heard of it) 2 Never heard of it (Never heard of it) 3 I didn't cheat, I'm not worried.
(No cheating ...) Although a five-foot child is suitable for the fair, he should not be bullied. (Don't bully) △ The format of interrogative pronouns as objects and prepositions is quite strict in ancient Chinese.
According to statistics, 98.4% interrogative pronouns in Zuo Zhuan are prepositional objects. But in negative sentences, the pronoun object is placed before the verb, which is not so strict. There are some postpositions in ancient books in pre-Qin period.
For example: ① People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? After the Han dynasty, this kind of things were a lot of post-production, such as: ② printing books, which was not prosperous in the Tang dynasty.
Although the classical Chinese after the Han Dynasty, pre-position and post-position coexist. We can think that prepositions follow the grammatical rules of the pre-Qin period and are the result of literati's archaizing.
(3) There are structural auxiliary words such as "yes" and "zhi" after the object. In order to highlight the object, the object is the first, and use "yes" or "zhi" between the first object and the verb to form the format of "object+yes (zhi)+verb", for example: ① What was the crime in the Song Dynasty? The so-called "auxiliary cars depend on each other, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold" is also called danger. (3) Will be destroyed, why is love dangerous? (4) I moved from Zhou to the East, and I followed suit.
⑤ Wang is greedy and faithless, while Cai is affectionate. (Feeling regret and resentment) 6 Confucius said, "Don't ask for much? (Blame you) Its example means: What was the crime in the Song Dynasty? I'm worried about Guo. I want to destroy Guo. Shit, I feel Cai. I've gone too far.
In order to emphasize the singularity, exclusiveness and judgment of behavior, we add "Wei" and "Wei" before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei (Wei) … is …". The above example is this format.
This sentence pattern still remains in some idioms, such as "do as you are told", "mercenary" and "meritocracy". Other statements, such as: 1, are followed by Ma Yu.
Look at my horse's head It's just a matter of making a statement. As long as it is an old language, it must be removed. The translation of the above sentences should reflect the meaning of "as long as ……", such as obeying orders as long as it is beneficial and recommending talents as long as it is beneficial.
In ancient Chinese, some prepositional objects have no formal markers, but they are rare. (2) Postposition of the attribute: In modern Chinese, the attribute is usually placed in front of the noun head word to modify the head word.
However, in ancient Chinese, in order to emphasize and highlight the attribute, or because the attribute is too long, in order to make the language more fluent, the attribute is often placed after the head. Today, when translating, the prefix is usually mentioned, and its format has three types of quantitative attributes < 1 >, followed by (1) booking a handsome car-300 attacks on Beijing.
2 Not prepared. Take food for nothing-three hundred.
(3) Meng Changjun to car-fifty times, gold-five hundred jins. ←2÷ Modifying the attribute followed by ① The place with a long hairpin is far away, and the crown is interrupted from the cloud.
(2) if the temple is high, it will worry about its people; If you stay away from the Jianghu, you will worry about your husband. Translated into Chinese, it is "Long Sword" (ground separation, describing the length of the sword) and "High clouds behead the crown" (Cui Wei, describing the height of the crown).
A high temple is far away from the rivers and lakes. The word < 3 > is used as an attribute. The prince's guests, who know their stories, are all dressed in white.
(2) The sudden anger of the stone subsided, and the negative soil emerged, striving for a strange shape. Almost countless (3) the youth in the village-the good Samaritan domesticated a worm.
The prince's guest, who knew what had happened, said, "The sudden anger subsided and the negative soil came out. A strange stone: "Good boy"
Because there is a sign of "zhe", put the attribute back. (2) Preposition Object The object of the preposition structure is usually behind the preposition, but in ancient Chinese, it can also be placed in front of the preposition. There are two main types: < 1 > In interrogative sentences, the preposition object of preposition ① Michell Maxwell Hsu is not self-woven? (Why? (2) Why fight? (with what? (3) if the guest Hu is like this (why? (4) Why not go to this besieged city for a long time? (Why? (5) Learning evil is the beginning? Evil in the end? (From where? (2) Preposition of prepositional objects in general sentence patterns.
In order to emphasize the object of a preposition, although there is no formal sign, it can also be preceded by the object. For example, the square city of Chu is a city, and the Hanshui River is a pool.
(2) Chu soldiers are all one. (3) Pei Gong sits in the north and Sean sits in the west.
There are idioms such as "day and night" in modern Chinese, which are the remnants of ancient Chinese. (3) The position of preposition object phrase can be used as adverbial or complement, which is true in ancient and modern Chinese. However, the expression, time, place, reason and comparison in ancient Chinese.