Ji Yuzhou is surnamed Guo. Yu is also with Wu, and there are two dangers in historical records. First, in the south, that is, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu once competed for hegemony in the Central Plains. The first is the northern danger in the south of Shanxi. Shunchu was sealed in, and the old city is in the northeast of Pinglu County, Shanxi Province. Yu Xia sealed the case that Junko was in Yu (now Yucheng County, Henan Province).
Youyu is an ancient country in ancient times and an independent dynasty name before Xia Dynasty. The famous holy king Shun in ancient legend is the leader of the endangered tribe. The dynasties before the summer were in peril, but in the Spring and Autumn Period, people spoke with confidence. Unfortunately, after the Spring and Autumn Period, documents were lost, and a lot of historical materials about Yu were lost. After the Warring States period, most of the legends about dangerous history described in the literature have been processed and transformed by philosophers, and their credibility has greatly declined. After the rise of the ideological trend of distinguishing forgeries in modern times, the scholars of ancient historiography simply wrote off the Yu Dynasty from the history of belief, and attributed the ancient history before the summer to the era of myths and legends. The establishment of Xia Dynasty was the beginning of China's class society, which not only expanded the influence of Yu Fei's theory, but also promoted the integration of Yu Fei's theory and Yu Shu's primitive social theory. In this way, when we discuss the beginning of China's class society, we have to go back and re-examine Yu Fei's argument.
Documents before the Spring and Autumn Period
The core theory of ancient history school is the concept of "accumulation leads to ancient history". The first meaning caused by accumulation is that "the later the times, the longer the legendary ancient history period", "for example, if you accumulate wages, you will come from behind". At first, Mr. Gu Jiegang thought that Confucius had Yao and Shun. Later, his disciples revised this statement, saying that the chapters mentioned in the Analects of Confucius were not credible. Ancient history can be traced back to Yu Xia in the literature before the Spring and Autumn Period, and the dynasties before the Zhou Dynasty were only Xia and Yin. Yu Dynasty was added by Mohist school to promote the theory of abdication. In fact, Yao and Shun are just the division of "gods", not real historical figures.
Works after the Warring States Period
On this basis, they come to the conclusion that before the Spring and Autumn Period, people only had the concept of "three generations" of Xia, Shang and Zhou, but never the concept of "four generations" of Shang and Zhou or "three generations" of Shang and Zhou. All the ancient records with Yu as the name of the dynasty were in the late period after the Warring States Period. Although the concept of "accumulated ancient history" has a reasonable component, Yao and Shun's division as gods obviously confuses the boundaries between historical legends and deism. More arbitrarily, the Yu Dynasty was founded in the Warring States Period.
"Mandarin": Shangzhou in Yu Xia is also called Shangzhou.
In Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, there are countless sentences connected by Yu, Xia, Shang and Thursday, most of which are relayed from people's dialogues in the Spring and Autumn Period. Just because the dialogues between people in the Spring and Autumn Period recorded in these two books were written in the Warring States period, it cannot be concluded that they are all false theories of people in the Warring States period. Moreover, "three generations" is a concept that changes with the times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, people already had the fact that the Western Zhou Dynasty was dead and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty still existed. When we have to distinguish the death or continuation of Zhou from different angles, we use two different "three generations" concepts: Zhou and Shang.
Narrative of Zuo Zhuan
The most obvious example is Shi Mo's sentence in Thirty-two Years of Zuo Gong: "The country is impermanent, and the monarch and ministers are impermanent. Since ancient times, this is natural ... Three generations have the same surname, which is common today and the Lord knows it. " The "last" person is the monarch, and the "ordinary" person is the son of heaven, with different surnames. People who are "ordinary in the present" say that these three generations used to be the sons of heaven, and the surname was Di before the week, but now with the loss of the status of the sons of heaven, they have already become ordinary surnames. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the surname Ji was still a direct surname. What about "Ordinary Today" three generations instead of Shang three generations? In the "last three generations", Xia and Shang Dynasties were all independent dynasties. Why did Yu Chao make an exception? Not only that, because Yu Wei is no different from Xia and Shang Dynasties, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he also gave preferential treatment to future generations, saying, "Yong used Yuan's daughter to match her, and sealed Zhu Chenhao for three reasons" ("Twenty-five years of Zuo Zhuan's" xianggong "). Chen, Song and Qi were also called "three guests", which was received by Zhou people and confirmed the historical status of Yu, Xia and Shang kings. It can be seen that the concept of the three generations of Yu Xia and Shang Dynasty was formed as early as the early Western Zhou Dynasty. If not, why didn't Zhou people exclude Chen and prepare for the Qi and Song Dynasties according to the statement that the late Confucianism said that the Zhou Dynasty "respected the sages but not the second generation"? Why don't you add the Yellow Emperor who was sealed in Zhu and the Yao Hou who was sealed in Ji together and call it the "Five Chiefs"?
Guo Yu in Historical Records
Because Wu is also called Yuzhou, this Yuzhou is called North Yuzhou. According to historical records, home is "from Taibo to Wu, the fifth is Wang Yin, and the second is India: one is in China, and the other is in barbarians". "Zhou Wuwang Yin Ke, beg for Zhang Zhou after Taibo Zhong Yong, Zhang Zhou is a gentleman, so he sealed it. Yu Zhong, the younger brother of Zhou people, was created as the Northern Zhou Dynasty, so the Xia site was created as a vassal of Yu Zhong. This means that Yu Guo in Pinglu and Xiaxian of Shanxi is Yu Zhongguo sealed by the King of Wu at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. However, according to the bronze inscriptions and related materials, Liu Xiaojing and others demonstrated that Yu State in Shaanxi was a descendant of Ya State in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Longxian County, Shaanxi Province. 655 years ago, I coveted the BMW and precious jade, and borrowed it from the Jin army, which cut Guo in the south. On the way back to Li, the Jin army stole Yu. Some people think that Guo Yu is a descendant of Asia in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Longxian County, Shaanxi Province. In the Spring and Autumn Period, if you want to expand your power and territory, you will find an excuse to say that neighboring country Guo (guó) often invaded the border of Jin and wanted to send troops to destroy Guo. However, there is a dangerous country between Jin and Guo, and it is necessary to crusade against Guo Bijing. " How can we cross the country smoothly? "Jin Xiangong asked his ministers. Doctor Xun said: "Yu's monarch is short-sighted, greedy and cheap." As long as we send him priceless jade and BMW, he will not refuse to borrow. " Jin Xiangong is a little unwilling to listen. Xun read his mind and said, "The two countries are close neighbors. Guo zhiguo is destroyed, and he can't be immune to it. Your beautiful BMW is only temporarily stored in Gong Yu. " Adopted Xun Xi's plan. [ 1]
The evolution track of social system
Judging from the evolution of the ancient social system in China, the formation of class society in China was not realized on the basis of the complete disintegration of the original public ownership and the transfer of land to the private ownership of clan members, but was completed under the condition that the public ownership of land still existed, only the polarization between the rich and the poor and the class opposition between clan dignitaries and ordinary clan members appeared within the clan. Related to this, the formation of China ancient state was not along the road that regional organizations replaced consanguinity, and the newly established public authority gradually rejected clan and tribal organizations, but along the road that clan and tribal organizations were transformed into state organs. Therefore, to explore the transformation of China from primitive society to class society, we should not stick to whether the private ownership of land is established and whether the geographical relationship completely replaces the blood relationship, but should focus on whether the clan dignitaries are formed and whether the clan tribal organizations degenerate into tools for the aristocratic class to exploit and oppress clan members and slaves internally and control and oppress foreigners externally. According to the above viewpoints, I think Yu can be divided into two periods: from Zhuan Xu to Yumen in the early stage and from Yumen to Shun in the later stage. The legend that Zhuan Xu is the "emperor" reflects that Youyu tribe once occupied a leading position among the tribes of Dongyi, and then became the leader of the three tribes of Huang, Yan and Yi, but the real prosperity of Youyu tribe began from the curtain. The ritual of "reporting" in the curtain shows that his historical position in Yu is equivalent to that of the Shang Dynasty's merchant Jia Wei and the Zhou Dynasty's high king, while the record of "the curtain came without disobedience" reveals that the descendants of the curtain occupied the position of tribal leaders from generation to generation, and the clan dignitaries rose to the ruling class of society. Son Shun was promoted to "the son of heaven", which is not only the powerful performance of threatened tribes, but also the result of the active promotion of clan dignitaries, and its social foundation is no different from that of Shang Tang. After Shun proclaimed himself emperor, he appointed various official positions and ordered the enactment of criminal law. State institutions have already had a framework and functions similar to those of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At the same time, with the rise of its leader status, the threatened tribe becomes the dominant tribe, while other tribes become subordinate. All these show that the social system in the later period of Yu is essentially different from the primitive society, which is close to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The key step in the transformation from primitive society to "three generations" society is that clan dignitaries are promoted to the ruling class of society, which is the first measure taken in times of crisis. Therefore, we assume that China's class society began in the second half of the crisis, and its relative age may be hundreds or even thousands of years earlier.
Edit the appendix of this paragraph.
Origin of surname
Yu (Yú) has two surnames: 1. From the GUI family, taking the country name as the surname, from. In ancient Shun Di, there was a title called "You Yu", so Shun Di was also called "Yu Shun". Yu Shun is the ancestor of Yu. Dayu made great contributions to water control, so he gave the throne to Dayu, sealed his son in Yu, and established the state of Yu, so his descendants took Yu as their surname and called it Yu's. 2. From the surname of Ji, taking the country name as the surname. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, after King Wu came to power, Zhong Yong's grandson was appointed to Yu Yu and established Guo Yu. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was destroyed by the State of Jin, so people in the State of Yu took the country as their surname, because it was the Yu family. Ancestor: Yu Shun. Yao and Zhong Hua were born and died at the end of primitive society. According to historical records, Yao gave way to Shun, who reigned for 39 years. Shun, according to legend, is a saint in the history of China, an ancient emperor after Yao, the leader of the ancient imperial tribal alliance and the representative of abdication system. Because Yao abdicated, he became the king of the world. At that time, his title was Yu Shun, so he was called Yu Shun. Yu Shun treats his stepmother with filial piety and his younger brother with kindness. Confucianism considered him an ideal figure and a model of benevolence and filial piety, so Yu Shun was the ancestor of Yu.
Migration distribution
Yu's surname did not enter the top 100 in Taiwan Province province. The surname Yu comes from the surname Yao. In ancient times, Yao gave up the position of tribal leader to Shun. Shun has a title called Yu Shun, so it is also called Yu Shun today, which is also the earliest origin of Yu's surname. Later, Dayu made great contributions to water control, and Shun ceded the world to Dayu, saying. In memory of Yu Shun, Shang Jun, the son of Dayu Feng Shun, lived in Yuzhou (now Zhou Pu Town, Yongji County, Shanxi Province, now eastern Henan Province), and his descendants were called Yu. Shun, a native of Dongyi, is the son of Zou Yu, a native of Tianwu, Shui Bo, in the Baihu Department of Dongyi. Zou Yu is a consanguineous marriage between Zou Tu and Tian Wuzong. After Yao Hou and Hou Yi killed Tianyu in Chaoyang and Zou Tu in Taiqian Village in Dongping, Zou's alliance collapsed, Zou moved to the south, and the rest stayed in Yucheng, Shangqiu, eastern Henan. Shun was born here and moved to Heze to make pottery for a long time. Later, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the descendants of Yu established the State of Yu, which was destroyed by the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the descendants took Yu as their surname, which has been preserved to this day. In ancient times, most of Yu's aristocratic families lived in Huiji (omitted) [2].