Argumentative writing format

One thing, one discussion-a bridge from narration to discussion. It takes a process for junior high school students to learn to write argumentative essays. At the beginning, you can write an article about "one thing and one discussion", that is to say, you can talk about one thing, that is, "reasoning with emotion", which can gradually improve your reasoning ability and lay the foundation for further argumentative writing. The article of "one thing and one discussion" generally consists of two parts: narrative and reasoning. Say one thing first, then discuss it, express your opinion and explain a truth. Let's talk about the narrative part first. In real life, we will witness many things, which are the objects of discussion and the basis of opinions. We can choose things that have something to say and are justified, which can be positive examples that should be affirmed, or negative examples that should be criticized or cited as lessons; It is best to write about what happened to you, which has universal significance or should attract everyone's attention and have the deepest feelings. I am familiar with the things around me; Have deep feelings and opinions about things. For example, helping others, consciously participating in environmental protection activities, copying homework, treating people on birthdays and so on. , can be the object of discussion. We have chosen something that is really reasonable and reasonable, and we must also be clear about how to "describe". The narrative of things should be clear, easy to discuss and simple, and relevant materials should be selected appropriately according to the needs of reasoning. The part related to the above reasons should be more specific and prominent; On the other hand, it can be less or not. For example, paragraph 1 of the article "Strength is the most important" reads: There is a mute selling knives at the corner of my house. I saw him put the wire for drying clothes on the steel plate, cut it like a leek, and then raised the blade for people to see-the blade was intact. In people's exclamations, the knives were sold out. The same thing, the article "Be good at selling yourself" begins like this: Aunt Wang, a neighbor, told everyone that she bought a good kitchen knife from the corner. It is said that this kind of knife can cut a wire into several sections, and the blade is intact. "We just passed the street, why didn't we hear the shouts of selling knives?" "The knife seller is a mute! I bought it after watching his performance. " -That's it! The center of reasoning is different, and the narrative angle is different. It is logical to lay a solid foundation for the content of narration and then discuss it with "reason" as the core. Let's look at the discussion part again. Although the articles about opinions and opinions are generated by narratives, their focus is on "expressing opinions" and the main body of the articles is discussion, which is the essential feature that distinguishes the articles about "one thing and one discussion" from narratives. Discussion means affirming, denying, praising or condemning the right and wrong, advantages and disadvantages of the stated content. This is inseparable from the analysis of things. The analysis of the matter is clear, and the content of the discussion is clear. The "discussion" of one thing and one discussion is to talk about the views on things. When talking about "good things", we should talk about where it is good, why it is a good thing, and what kind of inspiration it gives everyone; When talking about "bad things", we should also say what is wrong with it, why it happened, what is its essence and what lessons should be learned from it. In addition, you can also think of this matter, express your own views and explain a truth. For example, "strength is the most important" writes: therefore, it reminds people that the success of being a man ... mute fully shows that strength is a necessary condition for a person's success. And "Be good at selling yourself" writes: Aunt Wang bought a dumb knife because she witnessed the excellent performance of the knife, and people we didn't see can only miss this "good knife". Being speechless is out of helplessness, but we can get such enlightenment: besides strength, we should be good at showing and publicizing ourselves, so that people can achieve greater success! From the above two examples, we can see that the reasons themselves are often multifaceted. If we think and analyze the same thing from different angles, we can dig out different connotations and get different views and opinions. We should expand our thinking as much as possible and strive to write new ideas from a new angle and level. Learn to write an outline. Junior high school students should learn to write argumentative essays from the beginning of writing an outline, so there is no need to rush to write. Writing an argumentative essay is different from writing a narrative, which requires strict logical thinking. Before writing, we must be clear about why, what and how to write, and have a clear overall idea, just like Gai Lou drew "drawings" before. With a writing outline, the article has an outline and is written in an orderly way. Many students don't want to write an outline, which is troublesome and wastes time. In this way, they can write wherever they want and play at will, resulting in unclear views, omission of key contents, disorder and loose structure. In order to reduce blindness, overcome randomness and ensure the quality of writing, we must first learn to write an outline. The following questions should be considered when writing an outline of an argumentative paper: 1. What's the argument? How to present an argument? 2. Which aspect of the problem should be analyzed first? What aspect of the post-analysis problem? 3. What facts and rational arguments are used to illustrate the argument? 4. What demonstration method is used? What are the details? What are the omissions? 5. How to solve the problem and draw a conclusion? These problems must be considered repeatedly, and then sorted out, divided into projects and decided. When writing an outline, we should pay attention to several basic requirements: (1) Clear views; (2) concentration; (3) clear organization; 4 concise and clear. The so-called "Jane" means simplicity, just write a paragraph; The so-called "clear" means to understand clearly, and you can understand the overall arrangement of the article and the details of some contents at a glance. Let's take a look at the writing outline of the article "Talking about the Backbone": 1. Put forward an argument: we China people have backbone; 2. Analysis: 1. What is the "backbone"-wealth can't be moved, poverty can't be moved, and powerful people can't bend; 2. "backbone" is class-oriented; It embodies the backbone of the Chinese nation. 2. A typical case of the poor in ancient times who were "too poor to move". 3. Wen Yiduo's typical case of "invincible power". 4. Summarize the full text and reiterate the argument. This outline is focused, concise, clear and concise. From the outline, we can see the main points of the full text and the author's ideas. When middle school students write an outline, they are prone to problems: it is too simple and illogical. The former is like the outline of "talent comes from diligent study": talent comes from diligent study. First put forward an argument: talent comes from hard work. Second, argumentation: 1. Study hard and you will achieve something. Second, if you don't study hard, you will accomplish nothing. This outline is too simple to see the author's overall thinking. In actual writing, we still need to think while writing, which fails to play its due role. Also on this topic, another outline is clear, concrete and coherent: talent comes from hard work. Firstly, it puts forward the argument that talent mainly comes from hard work. Secondly, the relationship between learning and talent is analyzed. Second, the key to learning is "willing to learn" and "dare to learn". Third, the talents of "genius" and "prodigy" come from "diligent study". Third, multi-angle argument: abroad. Edison's example 2. Example 3 of Gauss. Example of Madame Curie and her husband 4. To quote Dickens and Balzac, China: 1. Bai Juyi's self-portrait II. Pharmacology in Ming Dynasty: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica 3. Painting Art in Qing Dynasty: Zheng Banqiao's Paintings on Bamboo 4. At the end, emphasize the central argument and write an outline in addition to the specific content. Let's look at such an outline first: middle school students should cherish their youth. First, put forward an argument: middle school students should cherish youth. II. Reasons and arguments: 1. Cherish youth from scratch. Second, middle school is the golden age of learning. Third, cherish youth and set lofty goals. Fourth, middle school is the time to lay the foundation. This outline confuses "why" and "how to do it". The outline is illogical and reflects the confusion of the author's thinking. The following changes can be made: Middle school students should cherish their youth. First, put forward an argument: middle school students should cherish youth. Second, argument: (1) Why should middle school students cherish youth? 1. Middle school is the period of laying the foundation. Second, how do middle school students cherish youth? 1. Cherish youth and set lofty goals. Second, cherish the youth from scratch. Once you have made a writing outline, you should follow it. In the writing process, if you have newer and better ideas, you can adjust or modify the outline at any time. The outline is the text of the whole idea of the article. Before drafting an outline, we must carefully conceive and gradually develop the good habit of drafting an outline, which is of great benefit to improving efficiency and ensuring the quality of composition. The arguments put forward are the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. When we talk about a topic and comment on a phenomenon, there is always an opinion in our hearts. This view expressed in language is an argument. Argument is usually a declarative judgment statement, which directly shows what the author advocates and opposes. For example, the central argument in Talking about Bones is "We China people have backbone", and a concise judgment sentence shows the author's understanding of the Chinese nation. "Thinking and doing" is based on "thinking and guiding; The sentence "think, you have to prove it by doing" shows your view on the relationship between thinking and doing. The purpose of argumentative writing is to express one's views and then intervene in life. If you want to stand up, you must be correct first. The author's views should conform to the general trend of human progress and development, seek truth from facts, and not be absolute or one-sided. For example, the argument in Thinking and Doing neither exaggerates the function of thinking nor belittles the importance of doing, but correctly reflects the objective law between thinking and doing, which makes people feel very reasonable. The arguments in students' compositions are rarely completely wrong or absurd, but due to the limitation of understanding level, there are many cases where their views are one-sided or absolute. If some students talk about life, they think that only when they are in adversity can they become talents, but they don't think that the environment is just an external condition. The key to success is people's subjective efforts. The argument does not conform to the objective reality, and of course it is untenable. Argumentative writing is a way for us to participate in life, so the argument should be more targeted. In an article entitled "I also talk about exams", there are two paragraphs: in the upsurge of public opinion denouncing exam-oriented education, our tense final review exam stage is coming again. These days, students complain to each other and curse exams almost as soon as they meet. Learning is completely carried out in a passive mood of not wanting to do it but having to do it. The atmosphere in the class is very wrong. In fact, exams are good for individuals and countries. Examinations give people pressure, but isn't a little pressure a good thing? At first, we were too lazy to study, but after the pressure of exams, we all studied obediently. In a few years, see what you have gained in your study, and maybe you will be grateful for the exam! My dad said that during the Cultural Revolution, many really outstanding students could not go to college for further study because they didn't have exams. ..... The argument of this composition is very targeted. Isn't it of great practical significance to make a "different" sound in the noise of negation and inspire everyone to think from another angle? On the premise of correct argumentation, we should strive to innovate. No matter how good the point is, everyone knows it. What's the point? The argument in Cinderella's Clock is very novel. When we used to read Cinderella's story, most of us thought that one good turn deserves another. Jiao Shanrong, on the other hand, grasped the key link of the story "The fairy repeatedly told us to strictly abide by the agreed time", put forward a series of new questions from the point that literary works always reflect the basic laws of certain social life, and came to the conclusion that "the fairy's words in fairy tales have particularly strict ethical significance in this extremely developed society of industry and commerce". It is refreshing and enlightening to read. What we call "new" here can have two meanings: one is in the human sense, that is, no one has said this before, and Cinderella's clock can be roughly the same; The other layer is in the sense of one's own life circle. Everyone has not realized that it was first put forward by someone, and this view should also be said to be innovative. I'll talk about exams in this sense. When we are learning to write argumentative essays, it is difficult to create new articles, but in life, "novelty" is the value of argumentative essays. We should keep this standard in mind and strive to pursue it in our future writing. Writing an argumentative essay is to establish one's own point of view, so the author's point of view must be clear: what is advocated and what is opposed must be clear. Ambiguity will not achieve the purpose of writing. In addition, beginners should pay attention to the concentration of arguments. It is not easy for an article to pass an idea. Greedy and sloppy, the result will inevitably drown the center and make readers confused. There is no limit to the position of arguments in the article, and they can be placed at the beginning, middle and end of the article according to the needs of discussion. Beginners of writing can start from scratch and put arguments at the beginning, which is helpful to avoid or reduce the phenomenon of deviation from the center. It is also easier to master the writing method of asking questions first, then analyzing and finally drawing conclusions. This is the way of thinking commonly used in "one thing, one discussion" articles. Where does the argument come from? Since argumentative writing is a way for us to participate in life, the arguments of the article should of course come from life. For example, the texts "Thinking and Doing" and "Doubt and Learning" are all derived from thinking about life problems and objective laws. The above-mentioned student composition "I also talk about exams" advocates that "exams are good for both individuals and countries", doesn't it also stem from realistic thinking about the role of exams in life? The meaning of the matter itself exists objectively, and only students with healthy thoughts and good thinking can extract correct and fresh views. This requires strengthening ideological cultivation and striving to improve the ability to analyze problems. "Wind, rain, the sound of reading, sound in the ear; Family affairs, state affairs, and what's going on in the world are all concerned. " We should learn to think from the meaning of life and the level of national and human development; We should also cultivate the thinking method of seeking truth from facts; Say what you really want to say. The use of arguments is the material to prove the point. Arguments should be convincing, not just empty preaching, but need sufficient arguments to prove them. In the article "Talking about Bone", in order to prove the central argument that "we China people have backbone", three examples have been cited throughout the ages: in ancient times, a poor man would rather starve to death than eat "food from scratch"; After Wen Tianxiang was captured in the Southern Song Dynasty, he would rather die than surrender and seek glory. Democracy fighter Wen Yiduo would rather die than surrender. He also quoted Mencius' words that "wealth cannot be moved, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent", and Wen Tianxiang's poem "Who has never died since ancient times, Mao Zedong commented on Wen Yiduo" to illustrate and confirm the backbone of China people. These materials fully and forcefully confirm the central argument. Argumentation can be divided into factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments, including representative and conclusive cases, historical facts and statistical data. "Facts speak louder than words", a typical factual argument, is often the most convincing proof material. Therefore, using factual arguments and letting facts speak for themselves is the basic method commonly used in writing argumentative essays. For example, the article "The Spirit of Questioning" uses four examples in succession: Newton founded the theory of "gravity" by questioning the apple's landing; Watt invented the steam engine by asking questions about the boiling of kettle water; Sakyamuni inquired about life and founded Buddhism. Confucius was inquisitive and became a saint admired by the world. This strongly proves that "the spirit of questioning is valuable." Lies can't cover up the facts written in blood. With accurate historical facts and statistical data, the facts written in blood irrefutably prove the crime of Japanese imperialism killing the people of China. The facts as arguments can be concrete or general. Some of the examples mentioned above are concrete examples of one person and one thing; Some are general materials about many people and many things. There is an argument in Thought and Action: "At school, some students are very diligent, but they can't use their thoughts. ...... Some students can come up with some labor-saving and effective ways to remember the classification of animals and plants and find out the historical age. " The "some students" mentioned here use general factual materials. This paper takes swimming as an example when demonstrating "I want to prove it by doing". The process of learning to swim is also a common phenomenon, which is also a common saying. Beginners often limit their thinking to celebrity cases in the field of Xiaotian. In fact, as long as they can prove the argument, no matter the world events or personal affairs, they can be used by me. To prove an argument with factual arguments, we need to pay special attention to several issues: First, we should pay attention to the accuracy and authenticity of factual materials and avoid fabrication. Some students are too lazy to verify the materials because they can't remember correctly. They put the electric light invented by Edison on Einstein, and described Madame Curie's medal of indifference to fame and fortune as a gold watch. False materials will naturally affect the validity of the argument. Second, we should pay attention to the consistency of materials and viewpoints, especially those rich in materials, which must be carefully considered. Sometimes, there are many reasons for one thing. If we don't grasp the subtle differences of many factors, it will lead to the disconnection between arguments and arguments. There is such a material: a scientist works very hard at ordinary times, delves into Go in his spare time, gives up his hobby after accepting an important topic, and finally succeeds in a limited time due to limited time. A classmate used this example to prove that "diligence makes a man", which is obviously not rigorous in logic. The core of this material should be willing to give up what you love for the success of your career. The gist of the material and the meaning of the argument are not the same thing at all. How does it prove the argument? Third, the narrative of the case should have a clear direction and a strong sense of argumentation, and use the method of generalization to focus the pen and ink on the main plot that can prove the point. Some students lack the sense of argument when they narrate, and they tell the whole story eloquently, occupying a lot of space, but they can't effectively prove their views. But the author of Tan Gu only wrote a few short words about Wen Tianxiang's refusal to be bought by the enemy, because what the author needs to prove here is that "wealth cannot be *", which is enough to show that Wen Tianxiang is unmoved by wealth. On the premise of strong arguments, the narrative of the case should be as concise as possible. Fourth, we should pay attention to the analysis and discussion of facts when demonstrating with facts. You can't close the case by putting the facts on the table. Only through analysis and discussion, examples can prove the argument more effectively. There is an article entitled "Frugality Can Cultivate Morality". In order to demonstrate the argument that "diligence can nourish morality", Mr. Lu Xun used the example of not changing new cotton trousers and insisting on hard sleep. After the story is finished, the author has the following remarks: "Can't Lu Xun even afford to wear a pair of cotton trousers? Of course not; Is Lu Xun stingy? Of course not. Lu Xun has always been very generous to the youth and the revolution. Lu Xun deeply realized this truth: work is easy to get tired of a comfortable life. " This analysis reveals the meaning and connotation of the examples used, which makes the examples and arguments more natural and close, and the proof function of the examples is more prominent and powerful. Rational arguments refer to incisive theories, famous sayings and aphorisms, folk proverbs and recognized facts that have been tested by practice. Such remarks have certain authority and credibility, and if they are cited as arguments, they can effectively prove their views and enhance the persuasiveness of the article. The article "Doubt and Learning" quoted a famous saying at the beginning, citing the famous saying of Cheng Yi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, "Doubt before learning" and the famous saying of Zhang Zai, a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty, "He who doubts but does not doubt has never learned; Although there are not many words, the incisive remarks of these "accomplished people" strongly prove the importance of asking questions for learning. A classmate quoted the famous saying of the sage Xunzi when demonstrating the view that "persistence is the most important". Perseverance, the stone can be carved ",which is very appropriate and proves that the effect of the viewpoint is very good." When using rational arguments, we should pay attention to the consistency between the quoted language and the arguments. Some students can't bear to give up their love because of the hard-won introduction and good content, but they destroy the unity of the content of the article. A classmate wrote: "Mark? Twain once said:' Everyone is a moon, and his dark side has never been seen by anyone.' Isn't that why people can't be proud? Obviously, the use of this famous saying is inappropriate Mark? Twain said that everyone has two sides, which is different from "pride". When using rational arguments, we should also pay attention to ensuring the accuracy of the introduction, and the content and source of the quotation should not be wrong. Unreal and inaccurate arguments will definitely weaken the persuasiveness of the article. The premise of using an argument well is the rich knowledge reserve in the author's mind. Usually, we should care about current events and life, read more newspapers and pay attention to accurately accumulating materials. We should also pay special attention to strengthening our associative ability, opening our minds and mobilizing all our knowledge accumulation. Lenovo's tentacles can spread all over the world. What you have learned in various subjects, the information you have obtained in newspapers and TV, and the life events you have heard and seen can prove that you can choose your arguments. Students may have had this experience. Sometimes they know the materials used in other people's compositions, but they didn't think of them when writing. This is obviously a problem that is not good at association. Only by activating the dead mind can we enter a freer writing world. Argumentation is the process of organizing materials to prove opinions. In order to make your point convincing, you must prove it. How should the argument be developed? Let's first look at the argumentation ideas of two texts. The article "Talking about Bone" comes straight to the point and shows the argument; Then it demonstrates from three aspects: "wealth can't be *", "poverty can't be moved" and "powerful people can't bend"; One example is used in each of the three aspects, and the example runs through ancient and modern times in time. This three-legged argument structure and accurate examples strongly support the central argument. In the article "There is more than one correct answer to things", starting from the solution of a mathematical problem, the argument that "there is more than one way to solve problems in life" is put forward. Then talk about "seeking the second answer" and "relying on creative thinking"; Thirdly, the essential elements of creative thinking are the awareness of flexible use of knowledge and persistent attempts, and two examples are given to prove it; Finally, the universal significance of creativity is discussed. From the analysis of the process of creation, it shows that everyone may have creative ability. Through comparison, it is not difficult to see that Tan's argumentation part adopts parallel thinking in many aspects; There is more than one correct answer to things, which adopts the progressive thinking of one-way in-depth development. There is also a kind of comparative argument that is common. There is an article entitled "Say' Cherish Time'". After putting forward the argument, first of all, it proves the importance of cherishing time to development and success through empirical reasoning and examples. Then through negative reasoning and examples, it is shown that wasting time will accomplish nothing. Use the effect of positive and negative contrast to fully and forcefully demonstrate the argument. It should be noted that these kinds of argumentation ideas are not mutually exclusive, and often one is dominant and the other is used at the same time. There are various angles to analyze the problem, and the specific ideas to demonstrate the argument are also diverse. From which point of view, what to say first, what to say later, there is no certain law. What kind of argumentation thinking is best depends on the needs of argumentation. You can grasp an in-depth and thorough explanation from one angle, and you can also demonstrate reasoning from multiple angles. The usual method of argument is to put facts and reason. It is the most convenient and effective way to prove an argument with facts. Almost all the argumentative essays we have studied use this method. Reasoning can refer to the use of famous aphorisms and other reasoning arguments; However, it should be emphasized that the author directly tells some basic reasons to support the argument. At the end of the article "There is more than one correct answer to things", in order to answer "Does anyone have creative thinking? The author mainly adopts the method of reasoning. It goes without saying that Beethoven, Einstein and Shakespeare are brilliant stars in the universe. However, in most cases, even they can't easily get such extraordinary inspiration. On the contrary, this extraordinary inspiration often comes from such a process: paying attention to an extremely ordinary or even fleeting idea, repeatedly deliberating and gradually enriching it. From this point of view, a main basis for distinguishing whether a person is creative or not is that creative people pay attention to their own small ideas. Even if they don't know what will happen in the future, they know very well that small ideas will open a big breakthrough and firmly believe that they will make it a reality. Here, the author does not use facts or arguments, but simply explains how creation is formed in an easy-to-understand way. Through the analysis of the creative process, it shows that anyone can create with his heart. This kind of reasoning reveals the true nature of things and is convincing to read. Strict logic is the basic requirement of argument development. The logical mistake that students often make is the causal dislocation of writing ideas: forcibly reasoning between two things that have no causal relationship. For example, "Old China people were called' the sick man of East Asia' because they didn't pay attention to physical exercise? "However, more and more concepts are biased and stolen, specious and ambiguous. If a classmate discusses the view that "physical exercise is very important", he says, "Only with a healthy body can you have a clear mind". This is obviously not strict enough: "good health" is only a condition for a clear head. How can one condition replace all conditions? Another example is "if you don't take physical exercise, your physical fitness will decline." "For example, if I stay up all night, I will feel sleepy in class the next day." This is confusing "physical exercise" with "proper rest". On the surface, these problems are language problems, but in essence they are cognitive and thinking problems. Students should first try to understand things deeply, think about problems seriously, and at the same time weigh the words, so that our argument can be impeccable.