Classical Chinese is the carrier of China's cultural accumulation for thousands of years. By studying classical Chinese, we can broaden our horizons and cultivate our own cultural heritage. Chinese civilization is continuous and Chinese culture is integrated. A lot of knowledge we need now can be found in ancient books. If you don't know anything about classical Chinese, you can't study deeply at all. And classical Chinese is not for people who study liberal arts. For example, if you want to be a physicist, there is a lot of physical knowledge in ancient literature, which is recorded in the form of prose or notebook novels. You need to refer to these documents, but no one will help you translate ready-made modern Chinese, so you can only read ancient Chinese with ancient books. For example, if you want to be an entrepreneur, there are many management philosophies to learn from in ancient times. You need to learn ancient books. Isn't it miserable not to know classical Chinese?
From the perspective of personal cultivation, learning classical Chinese can improve one's quality, deepen one's thoughts, and have an impact on one's temperament and attitude towards life.
So, if you are interested, study hard. If you are not interested, at least lay a foundation. It will come in handy one day.
2. The Importance of Modern Classical Chinese First of all, we should not simply judge whether a subject or a certain knowledge is useful or not. Useful and useless are relative, and we can't say useless just because we don't need it or like it at present.
Secondly, at present, our vernacular Chinese evolved from classical Chinese, with a history of only a hundred years. How can I forget my roots? Third, although we don't use classical Chinese, many words commonly used in our lives have retained classical Chinese, which is difficult to understand without learning.
For example, how many people know the meaning of "forgive me"? See refers to me, the patient. Just, forgive me, just, forgive me.
Thirdly, we can easily find that many ancient poems can still infect us. For example, exhortation to learn, the theory of six countries, and the preface to Lanting collection are too numerous to mention.
Finally, classical Chinese plays an important role in cultivating sentiment. At the same time, there are still many people who like classical Chinese.
I hope you can read more ancient poems. After all, China is famous for its profoundness. But the situation is sad.
The foundation of China culture cannot be lost.
3. What is the most important thing to learn classical Chinese well? How to learn classical Chinese? In two sets of high school Chinese textbooks recommended by the Department of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education, classical Chinese teaching accounts for 40% of the whole teaching content, and it is relatively concentrated in the first grade of senior high school.
Among them, senior one has 6 units per semester, and classical Chinese has 3 units each; Chinese experimental teaching material for senior one, the teaching of classical Chinese is concentrated throughout the year, with four units in Volume One and Volume Two. With the expansion and improvement of the total amount of classical Chinese teaching, this paper wants to talk about some ideas on how to learn classical Chinese well in combination with the specific requirements of the syllabus.
The newly revised Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Senior Middle Schools puts forward such requirements for classical Chinese teaching: reading classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understanding the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and reciting a certain number of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 classical Chinese notional words, 18 classical Chinese functional words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns.
The requirements of the syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. Explain it separately at the next interview.
First of all, the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese are simply reading, understanding and reciting. Reading, understanding, reciting and reading are the core, key and foothold of classical Chinese learning.
The so-called reading, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Reading is a teaching process, and its purpose is to cultivate students' understanding ability and writing ability. When teaching, the old teacher reads first, then the students follow, and then the students practice reading and sometimes recite. Besides reciting, you can read books. It can be seen that in the teaching of reading aloud, in addition to the teacher's demonstration reading aloud, what students have to do is "follow", "practice reading", "recite" and "read". In other words, reading aloud is a learning process that students actively participate in and explore under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To study, you must first listen to the old normal school.
What should I learn from the teacher's model essay reading? Please see Mr. Liang Shiqiu recalling his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: xu teacher recited the full text after introducing the author, which was very interesting. ..... Both ancient and vernacular Chinese are like an actor reciting his lines, and he seems to vent all the meanings contained in the text.
He speaks with rhythm, rhythm, emotion, momentum and cadence. After listening, we seem to have understood half the meaning of the original text. A good article has a golden voice, which may be exaggerated, but it must be catchy, but it is true.
It can be seen from here that the tone, stiff eyes, feelings, momentum, cadence and implied meaning of the article should be expressed by reciting. While listening to the teacher's demonstration reading, students will soon get the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of the article, thus stimulating their desire to read aloud, so as to further "understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works."
Tone, inflexibility, mood, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in words can't be learned at once, but students gradually realize, comprehend and perceive it in the reading process of listening to the model essay, following it and practicing reading. Pay special attention to the following points: first, correct pronunciation.
This is because there are many uncommon words in classical Chinese, as well as interchangeable words, polyphonic words and broken words. Generally speaking, these words are pronounced in the text notes, so read them carefully according to the phonetic notation.
Here we should focus on the problem of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech by changing the pronunciation of words.
For example, "clothing" is pronounced as Y when a noun is used, and Y when a verb is used (dressing); "Eating" means eating, while reading "Si" means giving others food. However, some broken sounds have entered modern Chinese, and there are also notes in general dictionaries, such as beautiful "good" (adjective) reading H m 4 o, favorite "good" (verb) reading H ao, difficult "difficult" (adjective) reading nán, and disaster "difficult" reading nàn and so on.
However, there is no special distinction between some broken pronunciations, such as Ye Gong's "Ye", which used to be pronounced shè, but now it can be pronounced yè. Mastering broken reading is necessary to distinguish the meaning of parts of speech and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to pause. Including intra-sentence pause and inter-sentence pause.
Being able to correctly distinguish between intra-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of sentence levels and general ideas, which should be achieved through reading in the training of understanding words and sentence meanings. In addition, we should pay attention to pronunciation, reading language, and so on.
In fact, reading aloud is a learning process based on preliminary understanding, which requires repeated familiarity with the text and gradual deepening of understanding until it can be recited. We don't approve of tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of noun terms in classical Chinese learning, nor do we advocate the so-called rigid execution of words and sentences.
We advocate learning classical Chinese, understanding in reading, understanding in reading, accumulating language materials in reading, and finally making classical Chinese a part of our language habits. In this learning process, reading, memory and understanding are carried out simultaneously.
What we mean by knowing classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This understanding and grasp should be: ① around the whole content; (2) Pay attention to the communication of meaning; ③ Focus on the chapters of the article.
As for reciting, it is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorization of words, understanding of words and expressions, and grasping the ideological content of works can all be achieved by reciting.
Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. You can speak, write and read without memorizing rules. Language learning means practicing, using and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese learning needs reciting, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes reciting more.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works" mainly depends on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools stipulates the number of reciting.
Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems, 50 ancient Chinese poems, senior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 poems. These articles are all read by heart, so as to achieve the above-mentioned classical Chinese reading.
4. In urgent need, the classical Chinese "Guiguzi" is about interacting with rich people, leaders, friends and smart people. Turn to thirteen.
Original text:
Speaker 2, say it; The person mentioned is also funded. The four words of embellishment are also false; A hypocritical person will gain and lose. Response ⑦, make a good speech. Those who are generous in speech despise pet-name ruby. Those who become righteous are also clear; The Qing dynasty also took the exam. It's hard to say, but there are discussions; But, speaking of which, just catch a few. Liars are flattering and loyal; The slanderer is knowledgeable and wise; People who speak simply are determined to be brave; In the beginning, in terms of rights; The person who speaks in a low voice wins. Those who are willing to accept desires first are flattering; Many people can talk, and they are rich; Only those who have plans have rights. If you don't doubt, you will; It is also the opposite to divide the shortcomings first and stifle the non-shortcomings. Therefore, the mouth, the device is also, so it is related to the situation. Eyes and ears, heart help, so an evil glance. Therefore, it is said: "Respond to the tune and move with the Tao." Therefore, those who talk without confusion, those who soar without confusion, and those who change without danger, seek reason. Therefore, people without eyes can't express five colors. If you have no ears, don't tell me five tones. Therefore, you can't go or drive; You can't come, you can't suffer. Things are meaningless, so it doesn't matter. The ancients said, "You can eat with your mouth, but you can't talk." Speech is taboo; "Words are inexhaustible", and songs are reasonable. People's feelings, they want to listen when they say it, and they want to succeed when they do it. Therefore, the wise do not use their own shortcomings, but use the strengths of fools; Don't be clumsy, use the cleverness of a fool, so as not to be sleepy. Say it is beneficial, from its advantages; Say it's harmful, and avoid its shortcomings. Therefore, the defense of intermediary insects must be stronger. If a bug stings, it will sting with venom. Therefore, animals know how to use their own strengths, while speakers know how to use them.
Therefore, it is said: "Say five words, illness, fear, worry, anger and joy." Sick people feel weak but not god; Those who fear, the intestines have no owner; People who are worried are blocked and have no vent; Angry people will act rashly and will not be cured; If you are happy, you will break up. There is no need. These five, the essence is used and the benefit is done. Therefore, talk to the wise and rely on Bo; Talk to bloggers; Depending on the argument, talk to the debater as needed; Speak to the noble, as the case may be; Speak rich and rely on Hao; Speak to the poor and rely on profit; Speak with modesty, relying on modesty; Talk to the brave and rely on courage; Talk to fools with vigour. This technique is also correct, but people often do the opposite. Therefore, talk to the wise and make it clear; Speak to unwise people and teach them; And it's hard. Therefore, many things are changeable, so all day long, the story is not chaotic. Change all day long, without losing its master, so wisdom is precious. Listen to your wisdom, protect yourself, and talk strangely.
To annotate ...
① pill-turning: flexible and witty. On Wen Xin Diao Long: "Turning pills is not as good as its clever words, and flying pliers is not as good as its fine skills." "Poetry in Caotang": "Coping is like turning pills, making short remarks". This refers to eloquence.
(2) speaker: lobbyist.
3 capital: supply, capital.
4 modifiers: modifiers, that is, very nice words.
⑤ False: Borrowing means relying on and helping.
⑥ Profit and loss: the meaning of increase or decrease.
⑦ Coping: socializing and answering correctly.
⑧ Rhetoric: Clever words make color.
Pet-name ruby: frivolous and solemn remarks.
5. Why should ancient works be written in classical Chinese? Do ancient people usually speak in classical Chinese? Or do you want to speak vernacular?
In ancient times, literature and white were also separated! Except for the pre-Qin period, because classical Chinese evolved from the spoken language at that time. In other words, the ancients spoke in one language and wrote articles in another. Speak spoken English and write classical Chinese. Don't you think it's too much trouble? Why not merge into one and write the vernacular directly?
The ancients thought of it long ago. The reason why they designed two sets of languages was because they found that spoken English changed so fast! And the spoken English of people in different places is very different! So how to communicate across time and space? Of course, it is to design a set of fixed ancient and modern languages, which are specially used for writing! Once this language is formed and remains unchanged for thousands of years, then future generations only need to learn it, and then they can read the articles of their ancestors and understand its meaning. This is simply a communication that spans thousands of years! This is the most important role of classical Chinese!
Did you find that after 2000, you can still read Sima Qian's Historical Records, thanks to classical Chinese? If there was no classical Chinese in those days and all of them were written in vernacular Chinese, Sima Qian would have recorded the oral history and written it into a book. Then we can't read anything if we hold it in our hands now! Because 2000 has passed, spoken English has changed so much! Talking to a chicken and a duck is no different! If you don't believe me, do you feel groggy when reading Lu Xun's articles in middle school? That's right! Who let their group of people engage in the vernacular movement and write the vernacular? This is the shortcoming of vernacular Chinese. It should be noted that Lu Xun was only a hundred years ago.
It is impossible for the ancients to speak classical Chinese, because classical Chinese is a written language, so we should choose words carefully and use them in words, not orally. Moreover, only scholars can master it after learning. Ordinary people can't swear, and they won't! As for the reader, of course, it is spoken in vernacular Chinese, but if you write too much classical Chinese, some words will inevitably pop up. Therefore, readers' spoken language may be mixed with some people. This is normal, just like if you meet a literate person now, you will find him bookish.
6. Excuse me, what can praise people's seriousness, or their writing and Joe's interaction with others?
The Book of Songs and National Style
Looking forward to the Olympics, bamboo is embarrassed. There are bandits and gentlemen, such as cutting, cutting and grinding. She is awkward, she is awkward. There are bandits and gentlemen, so you can't be embarrassed.
Looking forward to the Olympics, green bamboo. There are bandits, gentlemen. They will be as good as stars. She's embarrassed. She's embarrassed. There are bandits and gentlemen, so you can't be embarrassed.
Looking forward to the Olympics, green bamboo is like a basket. There are bandits, such as gold, tin, jade, jade. Wide and wide, heavy and heavy. Be good at joking, not abusing.
Vernacular translation
Look at the curved waterfront, and the green bamboo forests are connected one by one. Mr. Ruya is a gentleman with more exquisite knowledge and better moral character. Look solemn, broad-minded, prominent majesty. Mr. Elegance is a real gentleman. It's hard to forget his heart at first sight.
Look at the icy water bending the bank, the bamboo is graceful. Mr. Elegance is a real gentleman. Mei-yu's ears are drooping, and jewels are capped like stars. It looks solemn, broad-minded, prominent and more dignified. Mr. Elegance is a real gentleman. It's hard to forget his heart at first sight.
Look at the winding shore of ice water, green bamboo is lush. Mr. Elegance is a real gentleman. He is as strong as bronze and as solemn as jade. It's really broad-minded, generous and moving forward by car. Humor is really funny, and jokers don't complain.
Guo Fengwei Fengqiao is a poem praising the male image in The Book of Songs, a collection of ancient realistic poems by China. The whole poem consists of three chapters, each with nine sentences. The poem uses the method of borrowing things to interest people, and each chapter is inspired by "green bamboo", which praises the gentleman's virtue and Ming Festival by its straightness, greenness and density, and creates a precedent of using bamboo to describe people. This poem uses many metaphors. From the first chapter's "sharp edge, polished as a mill" to the third chapter's "gold as tin, jade as jade", it shows a change and a process, which shows that the beauty of a gentleman lies in accumulated knowledge and moral training.
There are many people praising in The Book of Songs, and the objects of praise are also very wide. One of the most important objects to be praised is the good ministers and famous soldiers of various countries. Qi 'ao is a hymn of images, but its reference to time, place and characters is not strong, so it can be said that the image in the poem is not a true reference, but a noble scholar-bureaucrat in the Zhou Dynasty, which has universal reference significance. The whole poem is divided into three chapters and repeated. But in terms of content, it is not distributed according to poems, but the praise content is integrated into three chapters. This is because the poem itself is short, so it can't be described in detail, nor can it be described one by one according to all aspects of the object of praise, so it can only be summarized in a miscellaneous way. At the same time, the contents of the three chapters are basically the same, which plays the role of repeated praise and makes the listener more impressed.
"Qi Ao" repeatedly eulogizes the outstanding performance of scholar-officials in several aspects: First, appearance. The official is handsome, dignified, tall and neatly dressed. "Full ears" and "meeting like stars", even the decorations on the crown clothes are exquisite. The description of appearance is very important for shaping an elegant gentleman image. This is the first impression for readers. The second is talent. "If you are incisive, if you are cutting, if you are grinding", the article is very knowledgeable. In fact, this is a compliment to the gentleman's administrative ability. Because Dr. Qing is in politics, the drafting and formulation of official documents is the main work content. As for "more important than Xi" and "good at joking", it highlights the gentleman's ability to communicate with foreign countries. There were many vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was a test for every scholar-bureaucrat to be able to correspond to them without losing their national style. It seems that poetry expresses the outstanding ability of a gentleman to deal with internal affairs and diplomacy from two aspects: writing articles and communication, and highlights the image of a good minister. Finally, the most important aspect is to praise this gentleman's noble character. "Like jade, like jade, generous", he is determined, honest, broad-minded and approachable, and is indeed a saint. It is precisely because he is a sage and a good minister in politics, coupled with the solemn and luxurious appearance decoration, it is even more awe-inspiring Therefore, the two sentences at the end of the first and second chapters are straightforward: "There are bandits, so don't be embarrassed! "From the inner world to the exterior decoration, from internal affairs official documents to foreign affairs negotiations, this scholar-bureaucrat was a typical virtuous minister at that time, and it was inevitable that he was praised by people. This poem highlights the image of a gentleman from three aspects, from the outside to the inside. Some sentences in the poem, such as "as incisive as A Cuo, as polished as a millstone" and "good at joking but not cruel", have become words for later generations to praise a certain character or character, which shows that the poem "Seven Aos" has far-reaching influence.