Liu Xiahui was still pregnant
It is said that one cold night, Liu Xiahui was staying in Guomen. A woman with no place to stay came to stay. Liu Xiahui was afraid that she would freeze to death. , asked her to sit in his arms, untied her coat and wrapped her tightly, and sat with her all night, but no indecent behavior occurred. As a result, Liu Xiahui was praised as a gentleman who "sits calmly in his arms".
The ambition of those who resist evil and adultery - Liu Xiahui's integrity
Liu Xiahui (also known as Liu Xiaji), whose surname is Zhan, given name is Huo, and whose courtesy name is Ziqin. Yu Zhanwuhai became Sikong of Lu State (pn qk). The official Ziqin paid homage to the Shishi (the official in charge of the prison). Because he was an upright official and strict in enforcing the law, he abandoned his official position and went into seclusion, living in Liuxia (today's Liutun, Puyang County). After his death, he was given the posthumous title of "Hui", so he was called Liu Xiahui.
Old novels often quote the allusion of "Liu Xiahui is still pregnant" to praise the virtues of men. It is said that one cold night, when Liu Xiahui was staying in Guomen, a homeless woman came to stay. Liu Xiahui was afraid that she would freeze to death, so he asked her to sit in his arms, untied her coat and wrapped her tightly, and sat with her all night. , no indecent behavior occurred. As a result, Liu Xiahui was praised as a gentleman who "sits calmly in his arms". There is also a legend that one summer, Zhan Huo went out to visit friends and encountered heavy rain on the way. He went straight to the ancient temple in the suburbs to take shelter. However, as soon as he stepped into the threshold, he saw a naked woman wringing her clothes inside. Zhan Huo hurriedly left and stood on the ancient locust tree. Below, let the torrential rain pour. The women in the temple noticed it and hid behind the door, busy getting wet. This incident has become a legend, so it has the reputation of "Liu Xiahui sits in her arms (Huai) without chaos".
Liu Xiahui's "pregnancy is not disturbed", this is still a small matter. There are many men or women in history who are not disturbed in pregnancy. However, the ancients used Liu Xiahui as an example, and we do not need to cite other people's examples. This is an example, and being calm is not the highest aspect of Liu Xiahui. His highest aspect is here:
Liu Xiahui was a judge and was deposed three times. People said: Is it possible for you to leave? Said: If you treat people in a straight way, how can you go without being deposed three times? If you serve people in vain, why go to the country of your parents?
As a judge, Liu Xiahui was equivalent to the official in charge of criminal law, and could barely be compared to the modern Minister of Justice or the President of the Supreme Court. He came to power three times and was dismissed three times. So one person said to him, why does your husband have to work in the state of Lu? Go abroad! If your own country doesn’t want you, why bother doing it? You might have a better status in another country. Liu Xiahui replied that if a person lives his life on the straight path and has completely upright thoughts, actions, and actions, and follows the right path to be someone else's subordinate, he will still have problems in any country and society, and he will suffer losses and be squeezed out. down. If you have a distorted mind, use means to gain status, take fame and wealth as glory, and don't really want to do anything for the country and society, then why should you leave the country of your parents? The ancestors are all here and can still do things. In other words, no matter where you are, you will never take the wrong path, but taking the right path is equally difficult in any society. Liu Xiahui's character lies here. In order to implement the idea of ??personality and implement traditional culture, he treats people in the right way and conducts his life in the right way. He ignores fame and wealth. That is an external matter and does not matter. This is his personality. His affairs are recorded here first, and his face will be mentioned later.
Why is Liu Xiahui’s story placed behind the records of Weizi, Jizi, and Bigan? Liu Xiahui was not from the Yin and Zhou dynasties, but from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Confucius's epoch. He might have been a little earlier, a few years older than Confucius, but he was already a world-famous and remarkable figure. Let's record his story first. Liu Xiahui's words also explained what happened to the three people in front of him. Therefore, the articles of ancient Chinese texts, such as "The Analects of Confucius", at first glance seem to be legal provisions, one by one, and they seem to not connect together. In fact, if you read it carefully, you will find that it is a long article and the connections are very good. In other words, some of Weizi, Jizi, and Bigan are willing to kill themselves to become benevolent, like Bigan; they leave after being kicked out, like Weizi; and they remain slaves when they are slaves, like Jizi. Why don't they bend? If you change your attitude a little and try to flatter them, you will be able to make good use of them, not to mention that they are originally members of the royal family. But why don't they do this? This shows that whether an individual is a human being or whether he is an ordinary person in the country and society, in general, personality is important. On the other hand, if you treat people in a wrong way, you can do it anywhere. If you insist on treating people in a righteous way, why bother to leave? Therefore, quoting these few sentences from Liu Xiahui is equivalent to making an annotation for the affairs of the three people above. This is the editing method of "The Analects"
Liu Xiahui (720 BC-621 BC) , whose surname is Zhan, whose given name is Huo, and whose courtesy name is Qin, he was a native of Lu State in the Spring and Autumn Period of China. "Liuxia" is his food town, and "Hui" is his posthumous name, so later generations call him "Liuxia Hui". It is said that he also had the last name "Ji", so he was sometimes called "Liu Xia Ji" [1]. He served as a doctor in the state of Lu, but later became a recluse and became a "loose citizen" [2]. Liu Xiahui is considered a model of abiding by traditional Chinese morals, and his story of "sitting in peace" has been widely spread throughout the ages in China. "Mencius" said that "Liu Xiahui is the sage of harmony", so he is also known as the "sage of harmony". Liu Xiahui is also the ancestor of the Chinese surname Liu.
Although Liu Xiahui was called a saint by Mencius, there are few historical records about his life. These records are scattered in ancient pre-Qin books such as "Zuo Zhuan", "Guoyu", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius". Some records have a clear time, and some records are closer to an evaluation of him.
In the Analects of Confucius, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius, Liu Xiahui is considered to be a person of high moral character. Confucius said in the "Analects of Confucius": "Who stole the throne from Zang Wenzhong? He knew that Liu Xiahui was a virtuous man, so he refused to stand with him." He complained that Liu Xiahui was not appointed. Later, Liu Xiahui became a "judge" (an official in charge of the prison), but he was dismissed three times after he came to power. People advised him to leave, but he said: "If you treat people with a straight path, how can you go without deposing them three times? Treating people with a straight path is in vain. , why go to the country of your parents." He believes that if you treat people in an upright way, you will be ostracized wherever you go, but if you treat people in a crooked way, you can do it anywhere, and there is no need to leave your homeland.
Liu Xiahui's straight-minded approach to affairs has several clear records in history books. "Guoyu·Lu Yushu" records: In the summer of the 26th year of Duke Xi of Lu (631 BC), Duke Xiao of Qi sent troops to attack the state of Lu. Zang Wenzhong asked Liu Xiahui how to phrase his words to make Qi state retreat. Liu Xiahui said, I heard that if a big country sets an example for a small country, and if a small country serves the big country well, it can prevent disasters. Now, as a small country, Lu is arrogant and arrogant, offending the big country, it is bringing disaster on itself, no matter how you word it. used. Liu Xiahui's words were equivalent to a blunt criticism of Zang's ruling behavior in Lu.
"Guoyu" also records the story of Liu Xiahui criticizing Zang Wenzhong for sacrificing seabirds. A seabird named "Yanju" stayed outside the east gate of the capital of Lu for several days. Zang Wenzhong asked everyone in the capital to worship it. However, Liu Xiahui said that Zang's governance was simply chaotic. Sacrifice is an important system of the country, and the system is the basis for successful governance. Therefore, regulations and systems regarding sacrifices must be carefully formulated, and these systems must be based on the sacrificial principles of the Holy King. The holy kings only sacrificed people and things that had contributed to the people and the country. Therefore, Zhu, Houtu, Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Yao, Shun, Gun, Yu... until Zhou Wen Wang, Zhou Wu Wang and so on, were able to be honored by descendants. In addition, the gods of land, grains and mountains, sages and virtuous people, the sun, moon and stars in the sky, the five elements on the earth, and the famous mountains, rivers and swamps of Kyushu should also be sacrificed. However, the seabird "Yuanju" flew to the State of Lu. We still don't know why it flew here, and it may not have any merits for the people. So we decided to sacrifice it, which was really not a kind and wise move. Liu Xiahui guessed that the seabirds came to avoid disaster, and the facts proved that his guess was right. This incident not only illustrates Liu Xiahui's integrity as an official, but also shows his familiarity with the etiquette of the Holy King, which is why he is valued by Confucianism.
Liu Xiahui chose to insist on "treating people straight and straight", and in the end he had no choice but to retire from office and live in seclusion, becoming a "common man". "The Analects" records Confucius's evaluation of Liu Xiahui: "It is a humiliation to lower one's ambitions, to be ethical in words and considerate in actions, that's all." This means that compared to Boyi and Shuqi, they would rather starve to death than eat Zhou. Su and Liu Xiahui are willing to lower their ideals. Although they have humiliated their status, they can still behave morally and rationally. In "Zuo Zhuan", Confucius also listed Zang Wenzhong's resignation of Liu Xiahui as one of the "three unkindnesses" of Zang's rule, and expressed his condemnation.
Mencius highly praised Liu Xiahui. The book "Mencius" once called Liu Xiahui, Boyi, Yiyin, and Confucius, the four great sages. The official position is humble but he does not resign; when he is in a high position, he does not forget to recommend the worthy and has no resentment when he is forgotten among the people; he is not sad when he is poor and poor, and feels happy when getting along with the people in the countryside; he thinks that he is the same as everyone else When getting along with others, they can remain free from negative influences. Therefore, after hearing about Liu Xiahui's magnanimity in life, people who were originally narrow-minded will become tolerant and generous, and people who were originally mean will become honest and kind. Mencius believed that saints like Liu Xiahui could become "teachers of all generations."
"Sitting in the bosom without chaos"
The story of "sitting in the bosom without chaos" has been widely known throughout the ages in China, and Liu Xiahui was considered a model of abiding by traditional morals. Nowadays, people still use "Liu Xiahui" or "sitting in the arms calmly" to describe a man's decent style on gender issues.
The saying "sitting in the arms without chaos" comes from the biography of Mao Heng in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Xiangbo". When Mao Heng commented on the poem "Xiang Bo", he told a story: There was a man in the state of Lu who lived alone in a room, and his neighbor was a widow who lived alone in a room. One night there was a storm and the widow's house was destroyed. The woman came to the man to ask for shelter. Men don't let women in. The woman said to him from the window: "Why don't you let me in?" The man said: "I heard that men and women cannot live together until they are sixty years old. I am still young now, and so are you, so I can't let you in." The woman said, "Why don't you, like Liu Xiahui, use your body to warm a woman who has no time to go out to avoid the cold, and others don't think he has done anything inappropriate?" The man said, "Liu Xiahui can open the door, so I can't." I should learn from Liu Xiahui's "opening the door" by my "not opening the door". This story shows that at the earliest in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a legend about Liu Xiahui's "not opening the door", but it was somewhat unclear. .
In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Bingwen's "Pure Mengqiu" further enriched the details of "sitting in the arms without chaos": Liu Xiahui, a native of Lu, whose surname was Zhan and whose name was Qin, lived outside the capital gate at night during a long trip. . It was very cold at that time, and suddenly a woman came to stay. Liu Xiahui was afraid that she would freeze to death, so he let her sit in his arms and covered her with his clothes. Nothing happened until dawn the next day.
The story about Liu Xiahui's undisturbed pregnancy circulated in later generations is roughly the same as this version.
The ancestor of the Liu surname
According to the "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" of the Tang Dynasty: "Zhan, the grandson of Lu Xiaogong, the grandson of Zhou Gong, and Zhan's grandson Wuhai took the name of the prince's father as his surname. Zhizhan poultry was collected under the willows, so the surname was Liu. When Lu destroyed Shi Chu and Qin conquered the world, the Liu family moved to Hedong. The descendants of Lu Xiaogong had a son "Zhan". His grandson Wuhai took his grandfather's name as his surname, so he had the surname "Zhan". Later Zhan Qin used Liuxia as a food town, so Zhan Qin's descendants began to use his grandfather's name as his surname. "Liu" is the surname. After the Qin State annexed the vassal states, the Liu family moved to Hedong (today's Yongji, Shanxi), and then dispersed to other places from Hedong.
The "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" was compiled based on the private surname genealogy that existed at that time. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, people with the surname Liu believed that Liu Xiahui was the ancestor of their surname. Later, Hedong became the county head of the surname Liu. Liu Zongyuan, a litterateur of the Tang Dynasty, was from Hedong, so he was called "Liu Hedong".