How many grams of ancient medical books are now equal to one gram?

Generally speaking, according to the development of measurement, the past dynasties are slightly different. In the Han Dynasty, it was about 1 equal to 13.82g, in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was about 3 1.32g, and in the Qing Dynasty, it was about equal to the measuring instrument of Shang Dynasty-tooth ruler. China's measurement system has a long history. Its origin and standard records are different. According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor set five measures: degree, quantity, balance, centimetre and mu. Shun summoned the four kings to coordinate the seasons, rhythms and weights and measures of the tribes; Yu Xia used a ruler as a measuring tool, and his own length and weight as the standard of length and weight. These legends, to some extent, reflect the germination of ancient weights and measures. The real token can be proved by the inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which read "Ten Stems of Gold", "Three Stems of Silk" and "Ten Stems of Gold". Gold is copper, and "Jun" and "Jun" are the unit names of measurement. It shows that before or at the same time as the appearance of metal currency, there have been means to measure weight. The catalogue introduces the nomenclature of ancient metrology (1) degrees (2) quantities (3) special metrology of traditional Chinese medicine (1) square inch bi (2) Qian bi (3) fesr (4) characters (5) black-bone chicken brisson large (6) pieces (7) handles (8) bundles. Introduction to the nomenclature of ancient metrology (1) Degree (2) Quantity (3) Special metrology for traditional Chinese medicine (1) Square inch (2) Qian Bi (3) fesr (4) Word (5) Black-bone chicken brisson Big (6) Piece (7) Handle (7) Book of Rites In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and issued a decree of unified measurement, which was supervised by the government and distributed to all parts of the country. The unified system of weights and measures in Qin Dynasty was used by feudal society for more than 2,000 years, forming a unique metrological scientific system in China. Weights and measures in past dynasties have experienced a continuous evolution process, that is, gradually from coarse to fine, from simple to complex, especially from less to more in quantity. This feature can be learned from Don? Li's "? This has a strong explanation in the calendar. Sui Shu? The History of Legal System lists fifteen kinds of rulers from the Zhou Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. Compared with rulers before Jin Dynasty, it is found that fifteen kinds of rulers are different in length, but they all tend to be long and short. From the Zhou Dynasty to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the ruler's length increased by five inches and eight points. Neighbor Wang Guowei also pointed out in "On Existing Scales in Past Dynasties": "The system of scales is short and long, almost written. "In fact, this conclusion applies to all units of measurement, that is, the evolution of scale is from short to long, the evolution of capacity is from small to large, and the evolution of balance (weight) is from light to heavy. Reflected in the prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, due to the constant changes of weights and measures in past dynasties, the actual weight is very inconsistent with the names of weights and measures used, especially with modern times. Therefore, it is necessary for us to know some basic knowledge of ancient metrology, understand its variation and avoid confusing the concepts of ancient and modern metrology. The editor named this section of ancient weights and measures "Weights and Measures", a name derived from "Book? Shundian, the same method and the same quantity, Han Shu? The calendar made its meaning clear, and then the name was used throughout the ages. If the term weights and measures is separated, there are three quantities: degree, quantity and balance. The names of these separated units were determined by Liu Xin's notes in the Han Dynasty, such as "Comment", "Good Quantity" and "Balance of Power". Among them, "Jia Liang" comes from "Zhou Li? Examination records? Table "Jia Liang has become, see the four countries." "Examination" means "determination", and the so-called examination means determining the length of an object with "degree". The original meaning of "Jia" is "goodness". The so-called Jia quantity means that when measuring the quantity of an object with a measuring tool, it must be based on it like a level. "Force" is "weight", and the function of "balance" is to balance the weight of objects with "force", that is to say, force and objects form a balance. The following describes the unit nomenclature of degree, quantity and balance respectively. Edit the name of this paragraph (1). The unit of length in degrees has existed for a long time. In ancient times, it was based on a certain part or movement of the human body, such as inch, finger, ruler, Zhang, Xun, Chang and Jie. In these names, ruler is the basic unit of length. The length of a foot is about the same as that of a hand, so it is easy to identify. So in ancient times, there was a saying that "rulers know rulers" and "rulers know". In addition, it is also a practical unit for measuring depth, which constitutes a system alone. The ratio of mowing to feet has never been a definite fixed figure. There are four feet, five feet, six inches, seven feet and eight feet, which is generally considered to be eight feet. What is the name of the length unit before the Zhou Dynasty and after Hanshu? In the arrangement of Chronology of Laws, three dimensions of inch, ruler and ruler are retained, and a "minute" position is added below the inch position and a "collar" position is added above the ruler position, all of which are decimal, that is, the so-called five degrees. Arithmeticians usually use small units of length. The so-called "the length of the degree is not less than one millimeter" only means that the measurement should have the precision of tiny numbers. There is a saying in Sun Tzu's Art of War that "when a silkworm suddenly spins silk, it will be a minute in one second, a minute in ten seconds, a minute in ten, and a minute in ten". These ten abandoned minutes, centimeters and tenths of a second suddenly became arithmetic-specific decimal names and small unit names. In the Song Dynasty, seconds became silk. In the late Qing dynasty, the small unit of length was set at ten. Editing this paragraph (2) Measuring instruments are the main instruments for measuring the quantity of agricultural products in feudal society, so the measuring volume is the earliest and its unit name is the most complicated. Classical works such as Zuo Zhuan, Zhou Li, Yi Li and Er Ya all have records about capacity units, and their special names are Sheng, Dou, Hu, Dou, District, Pot, Bell, Overflow and Bucket. Like length, the unit of capacity before the Zhou Dynasty was also measured by the human body. What one hand can hold is called overflow, and what two hands together is called "enough", which is the initial basic unit of capacity. "Small 2 ya? Wide volume "said" four fingers beans ","Zuo zhuan? Zhao Gong said "four liters of beans" for three years, and these two statements are interlinked, that is, liters. The original meaning of "rising" means "rising" and "entering". Holding the basic ability number in both hands, and then starting from this number, four are beans, areas and kettles, and ten are buckets and welcome guests. So liter (that is, liter) is the basic unit of capacity. Later, Hanshu? The "Law Calendar" system sorted out the capacity units and named them Hu, He, Sheng, Dou and Hu. One sum equals the erhu, and all the above are decimals (after the Song Dynasty, one Hu is five dou). Liter is the basic unit of capacity, while bucket and welcome are practical units. As for "Shuo Yuan"? The cloud "Ten birds are one" in Distinguishing Things has different opinions, which can be used for reference. Incidentally, stone was originally a unit of weight, which was 120 Jin, but since the Qin and Han Dynasties, stone has also been used as a unit of capacity, which means welcome. As for the small unit of capacity, the volume of Sun Tzu's Calculations says: "Six millet is a reed, ten reeds is a reed, ten reeds are a pinch, ten reeds are a spoon, and ten spoons are one. "In this way, six millet is a GUI (once said, ten millet is a GUI), and the remaining eight units of Gui, Copy, Pinch, Spoon, Combination, Ascension, Bucket and Welcome are decimals. This calculation method has been used since the Han Dynasty. Edit this paragraph (3) Weighing has long been used as a unit of weight. However, in ancient times, there were different views on the unit of weight. For example, Sun Tzu's Art of War says, "Starting with millet, ten millet is one (the ancient word" tired "), ten millet is one baht, and twenty-four baht is one or two." "Master yuan? Discrimination: "Ten millet weighs one kyu, and ten kyu weighs one baht." "Said the article? Ministry of Finance: "Hey, six baht. "Huainanzi?" Yan Quan's Gao Youzhu: "Six or two days." "Jade? Ministry of gold; "Hey, twenty-two." "Rhyme? Quality rhyme: "Twenty-four beams are yes. "Wait a minute." "Millet", "Millet", "Miao" and "Gui" are all borrowed names from Millet and Guibi, but they are no longer used. "Zi, Yi, Zhong and Yun are all borrowed names of coins, which are no longer used. Therefore, there are various opinions. Since Hanshu? After the five units of Zhu, Liang, Jin, Jun and Shi were named as Five Powers in Fahuazhi, their names were relatively consistent until the Tang Dynasty. Its rounding method is worth mentioning: 24 baht is two, 16 is two Jin, 30 Jin is jun, and 4 Jun is stone. Regarding the use of small units such as money, cents, horns, cents, silk and bumps, which one is less than two? Tao Hongjing's Record of Famous Doctors once said: "The name of dispensing is different today, and there is no distinction in ancient times. Today, ten millet is one baht, six baht is one point, and four is one or two. "Don? Su Jing said, "Six baht is one cent, which is two and a half dollars." It can be seen that since the Tang Dynasty, "money" originally used as money has been regarded as a unit of weight, and "ten money is one or two", but the point carry at that time has not yet been determined as one tenth of money. In addition, there are Li, Li, Mao, Li and Hu. It was originally a decimal name, and later borrowed length as the name of the weight unit. Since the Song Dynasty, they have been designated as decimal units of money. In the Song Dynasty, the names of baht, millet and millet were abandoned, and the names of their weight units in descending order were Shi, Jun, Jin, Liang, Qian, Fen, Li, Hao, Si and Sui, and their carrying methods were as mentioned above. Song system weights and measures have been used until Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and rarely changed. However, it must be pointed out that in the medical prescriptions of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, everything that said "fen" was "fen", while in the Jin and Tang Dynasties, one fen was two and a half pieces, which was different. Some special or vague names of "quantity" are also used in this ancient medical works of special measurement of traditional Chinese medicine. Now I choose to list them as follows: (1) square-inch ancient medicine container, medicine spoon still in existence. Zheng Zheng Ben Cao? Preface: "If a square inch is a dagger, it must be a dagger. If you copy it, you will measure it." One inch is about 2.74 ml of modern medicine, 2 grams of powder of Jinshi medicine, and herbal medicine 1 gram of powder. (2) Qian Bi is an ancient instrument for measuring drug powder. The five-baht coins of the Han Dynasty were used for charging until they were scattered. It's half money to hold the medicine from one end to half with five Thai baht coins; The person who pays five cents refers to the word "five" with five baht at the end of the medicine until it does not disperse. A dollar is about five cents and six cents today, which is 2 grams; Half a penny is about 28 cents today, 1 gram strong; Janice coins are about a quarter of a coin, that is, one cent and four cents, or 0.6 grams. (3) fesr ancient instrument for measuring powder. Materia Medica of Zheng Zheng quotes Tao Hongjing's Bielu of Famous Doctors: "Anyone who scatters medicine with a piece of flying smoke is as big as a phoenix tree." Ming? Dong Yi's Bi Li Za? Fesr: "The shape is like today's razor. Its upper circle is like the shape of a jade, and the hole in the middle is where the rope runs.". Geff eaters raise their knives to take medicine, only to fill their laurels, so they are called fesr, and they say very little. " (4) The word "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" was used to copy medicinal powder in ancient times. The amount of medicinal powder is one word in the word Qian, which is about 0.4g today. (gallus domesticus brisson University) This is a method of taking analogy as dosage for certain drugs. For example, the gypsum in Daqinglong Decoction in Treatise on Febrile Diseases is "as big as a black chicken". A black-bone chicken is equivalent to about 40 buttonwood trees, about 9 grams. (6) Counting unit of fruit. Different varieties have their own standards, such as twelve dates, and you can choose the larger one as the standard. (7) A rough unit of measurement for holding and processing certain herbs. (8) Approximate measurement unit of vines in the bundle. Hold it with your fist as much as possible and cut off the extra parts at both ends. This is called a bunch. (9) Flat plate is also a rough unit of measurement. Such as a piece of ginger, about one dollar (3 grams) shall prevail. (10) Lamps, cups, bowls and cups are approximate units of measurement for liquid medicine (or water and wine). The usual capacity is about 150 ~ 300ml today. In addition, there are some vague measurement names in ancient prescriptions or in folk medicine, such as one twist, one pinch and one finger pinch. , is nothing more than a few words, about a few grams. The height of buttonwood is 0. 13g.