China's history books are numerous and varied, which can be roughly divided into the following categories.
Official history: A historical book that records the achievements of emperors, the history of dynasties, biographies of people, economy, military affairs, culture and geography by biographies and chronicles, which is called official history. Such as the so-called twenty-four histories. Except for a few personal writings (such as Historical Records, History of the Later Han Dynasty in Ye Fan, History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and History of the New Five Dynasties by Ouyang Xiu), most official histories are compiled by officials.
Other history: mainly refers to historical books that record historical facts of past dynasties or generations except chronological and biographical styles; Created by famous scholars, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish it from miscellaneous history. For example, Hanshu Jin Chunqiu
Miscellaneous History: A history book with anecdotes, which only records the whole story, temporary experiences or private records of the family.
Unofficial history: Historical books written by the people are different from the official history.
History of barnyard grass: usually refers to historical records that record customs, folk trivia and old news, such as Song Barnyard Grass Banknote written by Pan Yongyin in Qing Dynasty and Qing Barnyard Grass Banknote written by Tsui Hark in modern times. Sometimes it is also used to refer to "unofficial history".
Edit the style of this history book.
According to style, it can be divided into four types.
Biography: Biographical history books were first seen in Historical Records of Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. They give priority to biographies and describe the emperor with biographies. Use "aristocratic family" to describe princes and special people; Use "table" to unify the age, lineage and figures; Record laws and regulations with "books" or "records"; Record people, nationalities and foreign countries with biographies. All previous dynasties used this as a model for compiling history. Another example is Hanshu. Some official histories have no books or records, such as The History of the Three Kingdoms.
Chronological style: Chronological history books, such as Zuo Zhuan and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, all belong to this category.
Chronicle: Yuan Shu's Zi Zhi Tong Jian was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty. This genre is characterized by taking historical events as the key link and listing important historical events separately. Each article is written in the order of year, month and day. There are nine ancient books in the chronicle.
Country style: Country style history books are written in Mandarin. Country history books are historical essays written by some countries. It contains the history of many countries. For example, The Warring States Policy and The History of the Three Kingdoms all belong to this category.
According to time and space, it is divided into the following categories
General history: Historical books that describe the historical facts of various times coherently are called general history, such as Historical Records written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. Because he recorded the historical facts that lasted more than 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Chronicle: A historical book that records the history of a generation is called the Chronological History, which was founded in Han Shu in the Eastern Han Dynasty by Ban Gu. The twenty-four histories belong to dynastic history except Historical Records.
National style: history recorded separately by country. For example, the warring States policy.
In addition, there are historical books that record the history of various specialized disciplines, such as economic history, ideological history, literary history, historiography history and so on.
The type of editing this biographical history book.
This chronicle is a brief history of emperors compiled in chronological order, which records the center of words and deeds of emperors, as well as political, economic, military, cultural, diplomatic and other major events at that time.
A table is a form composed of people and events.
A book is a special edition about various laws and regulations and some natural social phenomena.
Family is used to record the activities of governors and important people in history.
Biography, mainly biographies of people.
Historical Records is the first biographical general history in the history of China, written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. It records the history of China for more than 3,000 years (from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty). The Historical Records 130, with 526,500 words, is divided into five parts: biography, book, table, family and biography. Historical Records was written from 104 BC to 9 1 year BC. At first, it had no title. After Sima Qian finished this masterpiece, he showed it to Dong Fangshuo, a great scholar at that time. Dong Fangshuo appreciated it so much that he added the word "Tai Shigong" to his book. "Taishigong" is Sima Qian's official position, "Gong" is a good name, and "Taishigong" just shows whose works. At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, generally called Taishi Gongshu, or Taishi Gongshu, also known as Taishi Gongshu. Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu. Liang Qichao, a close friend, praised this masterpiece as "a masterpiece through the ages" (On the General Trend of the Changes of China's Academic Thoughts). Lu Xun praised it as "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme" ("Outline of China Literature History")
Outside Confucianism
The representative figures and works of academic schools in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Hanshu involves Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Buddhism, Buddhism, calligraphy, farming, miscellaneous notes, novels and other books 10. The most representative are Confucianism (represented by Confucius and Mencius), Mohism (represented by Mozi), Taoism (represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi) and Fa (represented by Han Feizi). Their political and academic views are represented by The Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Everything is Wrong.
Local chronicles
Works that focus on the region and comprehensively record the history and present situation of the natural and social aspects of the region. Also known as geography or local chronicles. Books on rivers and lakes, oceans, temples, historical sites, water conservancy and transportation can also be included. The types of local chronicles are: 1, and there are general chronicles and unified chronicles that integrate the national situation; 2. Regional local chronicles, such as provincial chronicles, state chronicles, county chronicles, local chronicles, etc. 3. Special records refer to the records of mountains and rivers, temples, academies, scenic spots, people and customs. Local chronicles originated very early. "Li Zhou Guan Chun" has unofficial history's theory of "keeping the ambition of the four seas". By the Western Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties, the word local chronicles had become a common occurrence. During the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, local chronicles were still in the formation stage. At that time, local chronicles were all geographical books, both in style and content, and the titles were mostly local chronicles and local chronicles. Its content mainly describes regional boundaries, mountains and rivers, customs and customs. During this period, the first existing local chronicles in China, Yuejueshu, appeared (it is said that it was written by Yuan Kang in the Eastern Han Dynasty). During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, illustrated classics prevailed, and local chronicles in the name of records and records also developed. The so-called map classics were based on maps at first, indicating territory, mountains and rivers and land. Classics are descriptions of maps and their attachments. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the classics were the main ones, supplemented by them, which were closer to the nature of local chronicles. In the Song Dynasty, local chronicles, which mainly recorded places, became a branch of historiography. At this point, local chronicles began to prepare and become a whole. Compared with the previous generation, the local chronicles of the Ming Dynasty have developed, and the number and types have increased. There is a unified chronicle in the whole country, and all provinces generally compile general records or general records, and prefectures and counties below the province have also compiled records many times. In addition, there are local chronicles, village chronicles and so on. As for the nature of local chronicles, the Ming Dynasty clearly put forward that it belongs to the category of history. Qing Dynasty is the heyday of local chronicles, which is not only complete in variety and quantity, but also more complete in style and content. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court issued many imperial edicts to urge the provinces to compile local chronicles, and there were also many monographs about landscape temples, scenic spots and historical sites in gardens, as well as records of Guanjin, Yanjing, towns, fields and cities. Local chronicles appeared again in the late Qing Dynasty. The compilation scale of local chronicles in the Republic of China is much smaller than that in the Qing Dynasty, and the style mostly follows the old chronicles, but some new contents have also appeared, such as focusing on recording the production and people's lives of agriculture, industry and commerce, adding various statistical charts and so on. China local chronicles reflect local characteristics, and are revised on time, with extensive contents and strong reliability and authenticity. There are more than 8,500 kinds of local chronicles preserved so far (not including temples and temples), of which the Qing Dynasty has the largest number, with more than 6,000 kinds of * * * and 65,438+ten thousand volumes. In addition to local libraries, there are many local chronicles abroad, some of which are scattered among the people. After 1980s, the compilation of China local chronicles was led by the China Local Chronicles Steering Group under the State Council. By 1995, more than 5,000 local chronicles had been published nationwide.
As a Mirror, Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the first chronological history book in China, written by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Song Shenzong, who prefaced Zi Tong Zhi Jian, praised the book for its "fine words of exposition, good punishment of virtue and punishment, the occasion of heaven and man, the court of rest and blame, the basis of common evidence, the rise and fall of Wei Fu, the effect of balancing interests, the strategy of elite soldiers, the teaching of officials, the breaking of evil and righteousness, the neglect of treatment, the profound rhetoric and the profound admonition."
Yongle ceremony was originally named literary Dacheng. In July of the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1403), Ming Taizu Judy, Yao, Wang Jing, Zou Ji and others compiled large-scale books, and in November of the second year of Yongle (1404), they compiled literature collections.
Yongle Dadian is a large-scale book compiled by China in ancient times. The books included in Yongle Dadian have not been deleted or changed. It is a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and the largest encyclopedia in ancient China.
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Time: about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.
Author: the collective wisdom of the broad masses of the people at that time ~ laugh.
Content: It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode, with a total of 305 articles. Wind is a folk poem, which is the most valuable. Elegance is written by nobles, and ode is a tribute to the monarch.
Evaluation: Yes, it means China's first collection of poems. The national style shows the real life of the people at that time.
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Dynasty: Spring and Autumn Period
Author: Zuo Qiuming [Late Spring and Autumn Period]
Content: Zuo Zhuan is the third deputy & gt-; ,<& lt Biography of Ram >>,<& lt Gu Liangchuan >> 1, the content is naturally the history of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Evaluation: The earliest chronicle history book, with detailed narration, is characterized by vivid narration and great literary value.
The Analects of Confucius
Dynasty: Spring and Autumn Period
Author: Disciples of the Analects of Confucius
Content: The Analects records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and its central idea is benevolence.
Evaluation: Confucian classics are also China's first biographical quotations.
Mencius
Dynasty: Warring States Period
Author: Mencius
Content: * * Seven articles. Mencius is another Confucian master after Confucius. The book mainly expresses Mencius' Confucianism through things.
Evaluation: Confucian classics are outstanding in putting forward people-oriented thought.
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Dynasty \ Content: It was produced in the Western Han Dynasty and recorded the history from the Yellow Emperor to the Han Dynasty.
Author: Sima Qian [Western Han Dynasty]
Evaluation: The first biographical general history in the history of China, the most influential and important historical book, has extremely high literary and historical value.
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