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The History of Chinese Ancient Literature (I) for Chinese Language Undergraduate (the summary of test sites is super detailed)
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Chapter I Ancient Legendary Literature
The first section early folk songs ☆ ☆ ☆
1. There are many records of primitive songs and dances in ancient Chinese books, such as: "The joy of Ge in the past, three people fuck the oxtail and throw songs with their feet" ("Lv Chunqiu Ancient Music"); "The ancient Yue custom offered sacrifices to the wind god and played ancient wind music. Bamboo is cut three feet long, blowing like a whistle, and three people dance "(He Edition); "(Shun) is the position of the emperor ... beating stones, singing" Jiu Shao "and dancing animals" (Song Shu Fu Ruizhi quoted "Bamboo Chronicles").
2. China is a country of poetry. For example, "When singing is popular, it should start from the birth of the people" (Biography of Shen Yue Song Xie Shu Lingyun). Human beings have no writing, nor rich literary types and means of expression. Song and dance are natural expressions and lyrical ways of early human beings.
3. Praying for rain or praying for the New Year is an important content of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which shows the mentality and desire of our ancestors. Oracle Bone Inscriptions mentioned above is relatively complete, with plain sentences and harmonious sound and rhyme, which can show the style of primitive ancient songs.
4. As for the original ballads preserved or collected by later classics, there are only a few, which can be regarded as the preservation of original ballads because of their simple style.
For example, at that time, it was the yellow emperor's "playing songs": "break bamboo, continue bamboo, fly soil, drive away." ("Wu Yue Chun Qiu Gou Jian conspiracy rumors")
Section 2 Ancient myths and legends ☆☆☆☆☆
First, the myth interpretation
The basic characteristics of myth:
(1) Myths are all imaginary or imaginary. (2) Myth is the explanation and explanation of natural or social phenomena observed or experienced by ancient human beings, but after being processed by "fantasy", it becomes an imaginary "myth" in real life. (3) Myths reflect the ancient people's desire to explain and conquer nature (or society). (4) Myths can only be produced.
Second, China's myth system
(1) Creation myth: Creation myth mainly includes the ancestors' explanation of the creation of heaven and earth and the birth of human beings.
(2) Myth of natural disasters: The myth of natural disasters shows the experience of primitive human beings suffering from natural disasters and their desire to overcome natural disasters. For example, Nu Wa tried to mend the sky by refining stones, Hou Yi shot at the sun, Dayu controlled water, Jingwei reclaimed the sea, and Kuafu chased the sun. All these show the early people's strong fighting spirit and strong desire to conquer nature.
(3) War Myth: Among the ancient war myths, the most wonderful story is about the Yellow Emperor. Among them, the story of the Yellow Emperor's battle against Chiyou is well preserved.
Third, the spiritual connotation of China myth and its influence.
1. The main feature of China ancient myth (1) is around the theme of human existence. (2) The mythical hero is full of inspiring fighting spirit, miraculous ability and heroism. (3) They cast strong emotions, created vivid images and showed rich imagination.
2. Influence on the development of later literature (1) The artistic law of myth points out the direction for the development of later literature. On the one hand, the theme of life created by myth has actually become the mainstream and tradition of China literature for thousands of years. The formation of this tradition contains important factors of myth accumulation. On the other hand, myth is full of emotion, image and imagination, which undoubtedly guided the development trend of literary aesthetic ideal in later generations. (2) Rich and colorful mythical works have become an inexhaustible source of subject matter for later literary creation. From the earliest literary collection "The Book of Songs" to modern literary creation, from poetry and prose to traditional Chinese opera novels, there is the nourishment of myth.
multiple-choice
1, the following ancient myths in China, belongs to describe the myth of natural disasters is ().
A: Kuafu day by day.
B: Nu Wa made people.
C: Pangu created the world.
D: The Battle of Huangdi Chiyou
Correct answer a
The knowledge point examined in this question is the classification of ancient myths. The well-known myths such as "Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea" and "Kuafu Daily" are exquisite and magnificent, full of symbolic significance, and also show the early people's strong resistance to natural disasters and strong desire to conquer nature. Nu Wa's creation and Pangu's creation belong to the myth of creation, and the Yellow Emperor's war against Chiyou belongs to the myth of war.
Chapter II The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, including 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The collection of The Book of Songs and the channel of "offering poems" originated in the pre-Qin period. Today's Book of Songs is divided into three types of editors: style, elegance and ode, which is probably a long-standing classification.
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in the history of Han literature in China, which contains about 500 years of poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. In addition, there are six poems with no content, that is, no words, which are called sheng poems. The Book of Songs is also called "Poetry 300". The pre-Qin dynasty was called "Poetry", or the integer was called "Poetry 300". In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. "Rats have skins, people have no instrument. What is a man who is immortal without instrument? " From The Book of Songs.
The first section The social life connotation of The Book of Songs ☆☆☆☆☆
First, love poems
1. Some works in The Book of Songs express the sweetness of love and lovesickness. For example, "Zheng Feng? Qin Yan and Chen Feng? Moonrise and so on.
2. The Book of Songs also shows the twists and turns of love, such as Zheng Feng? Zhong Zhongzi, Fengfeng? White boat, etc.
3. Write works that couples love deeply, such as Qi Feng? Chicken crow ","Zheng Feng? Wind and rain, etc.
4. There are also several poems about abandoned wives in The Book of Songs, such as Sun and Moon, Final Wind, Gu Feng and Feng Wei? Self-protection, etc. , reflecting more profound social problems.
2. Poetry expressing various feelings of life
For example, Feng Wei's Taoyuan, Feng Wang's Su Parting, Qi Feng's Chu and so on.
Third, the formation of The Book of Songs.
1. Poetry-picking theory: such as Ban Gu's Hanshu.
2 offer a poem: "Mandarin? Zhou Yushang (Pre-Qin)
3. Delete the poem and say: "Historical Records Confucius Family" (Han Dynasty)
4. Modern people: Zhou's optimistic music selection and arrangement are gradually sorted out, not done by one person at a time.
Third, political allegorical poems.
1. Taifeng Xintai is a poem that exposes the ugly behavior of Gong Wei and satirizes the bride of Wei's son.
2. There are many poems in The Book of Songs that describe the sufferings brought by heavy labor at that time and express their anger and resentment. For example, Feng Wei, Chang Feng and drumming, and Feng Wang gentlemen are serving. At the same time, there are Yu, Dongshan, etc. of Tang poetry style.
Elegance is a poem written by Dr. Zhou Fan Bo who stabbed Zhou Youwang. He wrote that the king loved and praised him, but abandoned his virtue, which led to the chaos of the country and the plight of the people, stabbed the supreme ruler, exposed the corruption and darkness of the supreme regime group, and expressed his deep concern for the country and the people.
There are also many works praising American rulers in The Book of Songs. Zhao Nan Gan Tang expressed his nostalgia and love for Zhao Gong.
5. Feng Wei's poems, such as Cutting Tan and Storytelling, are dissatisfied with the phenomenon of uneven distribution and getting something for nothing.
Four. Epic and others
Epics: Sheng Min, Gongliu, Mian, Yidi and Daya Daming are five famous epics of the Zhou Dynasty.
Farming Poems: The Book of Songs and the singing of farming activities show the agricultural production activities of Zhou people from different angles, such as Xiaoya's Wind in July, Nan Zhou's Ephemera, Feng Wei's Ten Mu, New Nanshan and Fu Tian. July is the most famous. The wind in July shows the agricultural production of Zhou people. This poem describes all kinds of labor in the order of four seasons. The whole poem consists of eight chapters, which is of great historical value.
Section II Literary Achievements of The Book of Songs
First, the unity of lyricism and realism.
Second, the performance of Fu, Bi and Xing
"Talk to the truth" refers to the expression of fu in the Book of Songs, which means telling the truth in vernacular Chinese. As the name of style, "Fu" first appeared in Fu.
"Comparing one thing with another" refers to the comparison in the expression of The Book of Songs.
"Talking about other words that are sung first" refers to the interest expressed in The Book of Songs.
Third, the model of four-character poems.
An important feature of The Book of Songs is that the sentence pattern is mainly four characters.
Zhuangzi is a masterpiece of Taoist thought, and the whole book consists of fables one after another.
In Li Sao, Qu Yuan's sober personality is intertwined with his ideal of "beautiful politics", patriotic feelings, critical spirit of suffering as an enemy, and tenacious quality of dying for his ideal without regret.
Confucius' revision of Chunqiu is of great significance. With meticulous calligraphy and exquisite words, he implicitly implied praise and criticism, and expressed his thoughts of respecting the king, resisting foreign countries, correcting his name and maintaining unity.
Mencius and the Warring States Policy are both good at drawing inferences from one another. The use of these metaphors and fables not only makes things clear, but also makes the article lively, interesting and literary.