How to distinguish the authenticity of calligraphy and painting

Ancient calligraphy and painting, painting style, brushwork and inscription should all be considered. The identification of ancient calligraphy and painting can be based on the following methods: chronological characteristics and personal style. Calligraphy and painting are works, which will inevitably leave the characteristics of the times. The characteristics of calligraphy and painting in different times are different. I'm afraid it's hard to believe the landscape paintings before the Tang Dynasty, and no one believes in using regular script as the calligraphy of the Western Han Dynasty. As long as you have a general understanding of the age, style and style of calligraphy and painting, you can distinguish the obvious fake deception. For famous works, we need to know the life, artistic style, creative theme scale and calligraphy techniques of famous works. The artistic expression of famous artists is formed through long-term practice, and it is inevitable that most people will fail to imitate them. If they have a thorough grasp or study of the characteristics of brushwork, they will simply identify the authenticity. The identification of paper and silk calligraphy and painting is carried out on paper and silk. The life of silk is generally about a hundred years, and the life of paper is about a thousand years. Of course, due to the different underground burial environment, the paper and silk in unearthed cultural relics may still be more than a thousand years old. For example, before the Jin and Tang Dynasties, silk was woven with single silk, and it was not until the Song Dynasty that it was found that silk woven with double silk was thinner than that in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The age of calligraphy and painting can be judged by the quality category of silk. Paper also has traces of time. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the paper was made of hemp, the fibers looked cheap, and the paper was not clean enough. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used to make paper, and its paper quality was finer than before. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the raw materials of papermaking were diversified, and the quality of paper was also diversified. The calligraphy and painting collected by the people are actually only common in the next period of Ming and Qing Dynasties, because it is difficult to preserve paper and silk for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of forgers, some people think that the appropriate part of ancient calligraphy and painting is a mixture of fish eyes and pearls. Dressing has its own characteristics to distinguish different times. For example, the court paintings in the Yuan Dynasty were mounted by special personnel, and Dade took ancient jade ivory as the axis and magpie brocade as the core for four years. Ming Dynasty calligraphy and painting added a preface to the calligraphy and painting volume, and some even wrote words. The vertical axis is divided into two sides, and some have added poetry halls. The materials and techniques of court painting and calligraphy in Qing Dynasty are better and more exquisite than those in Ming Dynasty. Seals distinguish many paintings and calligraphy works in the Song Dynasty without seals, and some are stamped with bronze seals and jade seals. The seal materials of Mudra and Shui Ying in Yuan Dynasty are wood, ivory, copper and jade. The color of the seal is mimeograph and Shui Ying Yuan Dynasty stone seal, which has been used since Wang Mian. Stone seals were common in Ming dynasty, and the seal cutting method was "hammer head". Most of the seals used in Qing dynasty were oil cherry, with various shapes, fonts and glyphs, and the printing color was oily. Distinguish between the clothes and daily utensils of the characters in the painting; The crown clothing and daily utensils of different ages are often different, which can be used as a basis for distinction. The identification of steles can be divided into three categories: author's steles, contemporaries' steles and descendants' steles. Inscription is to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, there are common real paintings and fake inscriptions, which should be carefully distinguished. In particular, famous artists are more likely to sign off on fake calligraphy and painting, which fascinates them.