Laozi
About 600 BC to 500 BC
the Spring and Autumn Period
Thinker and founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period. Lao Dan, Bo Yang, was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang, Guxian County, Chu (now Lu Yidong). He was a "historian in charge of books" in the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius once asked him for a gift, and then retired and wrote Laozi. When I say Lao Tzu, I mean Tai Shiyun or Lao Laizi. Whether Laozi was written by Laozi has always been controversial. Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". "The way of heaven, the loss is more than enough, but the way of man is not, and the loss is not enough"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its contents are mainly found in Laozi.
Confucius was convinced
5565438 BC+0-479 BC
Lu people in the Spring and Autumn Period
Thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. He used to be an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty. Less "poor", longer, once served as "Commissioner" (accountant) and "farm" (animal husbandry) and so on. Learn from an ordinary teacher. According to legend, Li was invited, learned the truth of being a man from Changhong, and learned the piano from this teacher. Gather disciples to give lectures and engage in political activities. At the age of 50, he was promoted as a shepherd by the governor of Lu, and took photos of the incident. Later, he traveled around Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Qi, Chu and other countries, claiming, "If you are useful to me, what about the Eastern Zhou Dynasty?" Finally, it is useful. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient literature such as poems and books, and edited the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Lu historians, which became China's first chronological historical work. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples, including more than 70 famous (sages). His thought is centered on "benevolence", which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The existing book The Analects of Confucius records the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, which is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.
Deng Xi
545 BC-5065438 BC +0
the Spring and Autumn Period
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a pioneer and a famous legalist. Zheng Guoren. He used to be Zheng's doctor and opened a private school. He used his bamboo punishment (the law written on bamboo slips) to teach people and publicize the rule of law. "People ... know that there are countless litigators" ("Lv Chunqiu? From the phone "). His "ambiguous statement, a word can be established without investigation" has a great influence on later debaters. Hanshu? Deng was recorded in Yiwenzhi, which was written by later generations under a name.
Ceng Zi
505 BC to 436 BC
[Spring and Autumn? Lu]
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Nanwucheng (now Feixian County, Shandong Province) was born. A famous ginseng, the word Yu Zi. Confucius students. Be famous for filial piety. Once put forward "my day three provinces" ("The Analects of Confucius? Learning and ") the cultivation method. People believe that "loyalty and forgiveness" is Confucius' consistent thought, and he also advocates "being cautious in the end (cautious in the death of parents), pursuing the distance (pious in ancestor worship), respecting people's virtue" and "not going to school when committing crimes" Many of his words and deeds are recorded in Dai Dai, and it is said that he also wrote the University. Later feudal rulers honored it as "Zongsheng".
Zisi
483 BC to 402 BC
Warring States period
Philosophers in the early Warring States period. Kong, Ming Ji, grandson of Confucius. According to legend, he was educated in Ceng Zi. Advocating the Confucian moral concept of "sincerity", believing that "sincerity" is the foundation of the world and taking "golden mean" as its theoretical core. Mencius was once employed by his disciples and developed his theory, forming the Meng Si School. Later feudal rulers respected it as "telling the saints". Hanshu? Twenty-three pieces of Zi Si were recorded in Yiwenzhi, which has been lost. It is said that he wrote the existing Book of Rites, The Doctrine of the Mean, Notes on the Table and Notes on the Square.
Mozi
(about) 468 BC to 376 BC
Warring States period
Thinker, politician and founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Mingzhai. Xiangchuan was originally from the Song Dynasty and lived in Shandong for a long time. I studied Confucianism, but because I was dissatisfied with the complexity of etiquette, I set up a new theory and called my disciples to give lectures, which became the main opposition of Confucianism. His theory of "God's will" and "Ming Ghost" inherited the traditional ideology of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, but added the contents of "non-destiny" and "universal love", opposed the Confucian theory of "destiny" and "love for the poor", and held that "adhering to destiny" was a great disaster in the world, and advocated "mutual love and mutual benefit", which should not be divided into relatives and friends. Pursue the spirit of "sticking to the heel and benefiting the world". His thought of "non-aggression" reflected the people's intention to oppose the war at that time, and his thoughts of "non-happiness", "frugality" and "frugality in burial" were aimed at the nobles' "extravagant enjoyment". It also attaches importance to production, emphasizing that "those who rely on strength are born, and those who are not poor in money are not born" ("Mozi? Non-enjoyment "), and put forward" Shang Xian ","Shang Tong "and other political ideas, holding that" officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people have no ultimate foundation ","the hungry get food, the cold get clothes, the workers get comfort, and the chaos gets treatment ",with the educational purpose of" promoting the benefits of the world and destroying the harm of the world ",with special emphasis on hard work and discipline. Mohism had a great influence in the ideological circle at that time, and it was also called "excellent learning" with Confucianism. The existing fifty-three articles of Mozi are the basic materials for studying Mozi and Mohism.
zhuangzhou
(about) 369 BC to 286 BC
Warring States period
Philosophers in the Warring States Period. Mingzhou. Song Guo Meng (now the northeast of Shangqiu, Henan) was born. He used to be a paint garden official in Monti. Born in a poor family, he borrowed millet from Jianhe Hou (official name), but was refused employment with thick coins. He inherited and developed Laozi's viewpoint of "Taoism is natural" and emphasized the spontaneous development of things. He believes that Tao is naturally produced, originated from itself, and was sealed before the beginning of Tao (that is, Tao is unbounded), thus achieving "all things are the same" (that is, all things are the same). He also believes that everything is "motionless, motionless." "The world is nothing more than late autumn, and the mountains are small; The devil hurt the child, and Peng Zu died "("Zhuangzi? The Theory of Everything) advocates the unity of things and me, the unity of right and wrong, the unity of size, the unity of life and death, and the unity of nobility and inferiority, and advocates the spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything and me are one", which is peaceful and worry-free. For me, Yang imagined beauty. He is the author of Zhuangzi.
xunzi
(About) 365438 BC+03-228 BC
Warring States period
Thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States period. Name, when people respect it as "Qing". Han people taboo Xuan Di, once renamed Sun Qing. Zhao Guoren. He studied in the state of Qi and served as a wine offering for three times. Later, when he arrived in Chu, Chun Shen Jun appointed him as the order of Lanling (now Lanling Town, Cangshan, Shandong), and wrote a book and said that he was the last to teach. Han Fei and Li Si are both students. His theory summarized the academic thoughts of pre-Qin philosophers and developed ancient materialism. For example, he opposed the theory of destiny and superstition of ghosts and gods, and put forward the view of "controlling life and using it". If you think that people can understand objectivity through the perception of "heavenly officials" (senses) and "heavenly kings" (hearts), they emphasize that thinking is better than feeling. It is also believed that "everything is different, so it must be covered with each other", and to get a correct understanding, the mind must be "empty and quiet", which is contrary to Mencius' theory of "good nature", and that human nature is "evil" and "its good is illusory", and only "learning the law with courtesy can be good". His political view is a combination of "rule by courtesy" and "rule by law", adhering to the Confucian theory of "correcting names", emphasizing the name of respect and inferiority, and advocating that "law is king" (following the way of Wen, Wu and Zhou Gong). Economically, it advocates the views of "practicing economy, opening up new sources and reducing expenditure" and "saving workers and peasants" Fu Pian is thorough in reasoning and rigorous in structure, which has had an impact on the rise of Han Fu. Xunzi wrote it.