Excerpts from the List of Scholars in Qing Dynasty

17 In the 1940s, after a large number of Manchu entered the customs, Chinese was widely used. After the Revolution of 1911, Manchu was renamed Manchu. Today's Manchu population, historically, is composed of Han nationality, Nuzhen nationality, barbarian Nuzhen nationality, Mongolian nationality and many other ethnic tribes, while today's Manchu ancestors in China are mostly Han nationality. Of course, the Qing dynasty also had many disadvantages. In the late Ming dynasty, the imperial system was somewhat lax, and the Qing dynasty pushed feudal autocracy to its peak. In the early Qing Dynasty, the vicious policies of enclosure and fees were vigorously promoted, which greatly destroyed the economy of the Central Plains. Emphasis on agriculture and restraint on commerce have restricted the development of capitalism. It has created many literary prisons, strengthened the ideological control of literati, and led to ideological "hordes"; When compiling ancient books, they were wantonly destroyed. Shaving hair and changing clothes split the cultural tradition of the Han nationality to some extent; Give the flag bearer the privilege of foster care and let it corrupt quickly. The rulers despised science and technology and closed their doors to the outside world, which led to China's science and technology lagging far behind the West. Reasonable superstructure is the guarantee of coordinated social development. But the Qing dynasty was actually a retrogression in the system. The "enclosure movement" in the early Qing Dynasty destroyed the productive forces. The establishment of the military department made the imperial dictatorship more operable and seriously strengthened the monarchy. The tax reform of "spreading crops into acres" has firmly fixed farmers on barren land, which is undoubtedly equivalent to killing any seeds of capitalism. The bureaucratic system under ethnic discrimination has made a large number of unscrupulous Manchu and Mongolian bureaucrats steal high positions for a long time. Imperial examination is a great product of civilization. In the Kanggan era, the imperial examination was just an empty shell of eight-part essay. Qian Mu's "Political Gains and Losses of China in Past Dynasties" said that the politics of the Qing Dynasty was different from the traditional politics of China, because there were a group of people who supported the emperor in particular, that is, the emperor's consanguinity, that is, Manchu; The emperor is the king of a country and deserves to win the support of the people of the whole country. There should no longer be a group of people in the whole country who support this regime exclusively. Such a regime is a private regime and its foundation is unstable. Qian Mu's clear-cut proposal of "clear inheritance and clear system" is incorrect. Politically, the Manchu government was retrogressive. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, China's political philosophy has been developing continuously, and by the end of Ming Dynasty, there was a trend of thinking to reflect and criticize Confucianism. The social development in Song and Ming Dynasties has required the logical reconstruction of political philosophy. The society of Song and Ming Dynasty dispelled the philosophy of thought since Han and Tang Dynasties, and gave birth to a new height of civilization. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the decadent feudal bureaucracy gradually declined and social thoughts were gradually liberated, which greatly impacted the autocratic rule of the Ming Dynasty. Scholars in the south of the Yangtze River, represented by Lindong Party, strive to develop a political system that is more in line with the economic development of the capital. Imperial examination is a great product of civilization. In the Kanggan era, the imperial examination was just an empty shell of eight-part essay. Although the Qing Dynasty was a minority regime, its basic systems and measures were modeled after those of the Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Kang Yong, the political system of the Qing Dynasty was perfected and determined. In the central government, the highest decision-making body in the Ming Dynasty was the cabinet, and the cabinet university students had the right to vote. Although the role of the proposed ticket depends on whether the emperor adopted it or not, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, most of the emperors were idle, which led to the prominent role of the cabinet. The Qing dynasty also had a cabinet, but because most emperors were diligent and respected dogmatism, the cabinet existed in name only. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a Ministry of War, which was the highest decision-making body of the government. Although the military affairs ministers have certain powers, they often "kneel on the record" when the emperor monopolizes the power and is diligent. Although there was no prime minister in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a prime minister in the Ming Dynasty, but only cabinet university students and military ministers had prime ministers in the Qing Dynasty, which shows that the Qing Dynasty strictly controlled the ministers. In the Qing Dynasty, every local province had a governor (some provinces also had governors), and this system was established in Yongzheng period. The governor and the governor have great power, holding the military and political power of one province or several provinces. However, the Qing Dynasty had strict supervision systems and measures (including the suggestion system and the secret folding system), so the local power of the Qing Dynasty was great, but it was always loyal to the central government. The political system of the Qing Dynasty was relatively perfect compared with that of China in previous dynasties. Therefore, the Qing government maintained high efficiency, the central government made decisions and local governments immediately implemented them. Besides, there was no great rebellion by the local governor. Although the country was invaded by western powers many times in the late Qing Dynasty, it did not split. It can be seen that the political system formulated by Gan is fruitful. While China was stepping up feudal centralization and autocratic monarchy, western countries were carrying out bourgeois revolution, and the regime was either constitutional monarchy or harmonious. From this point, we can see that although Kang's political system is fruitful, it is out of date, and the more effective it is, the greater the harm it will do.