Our commodity economy is relatively developed. Driven by business, business mathematics has also developed, and business-related problems appear more frequently in mathematics works. In 450, Jason Wu's Comparison of Nine Algorithms was completed, which marked the progress of commercial mathematics in Ming Dynasty. This book records many new topics related to business, such as calculating interest, partnership and commodity division. The continuous development of mathematics has led to the popularization of abacus. It is much more convenient to use abacus than to raise arithmetic. In the middle of Ming dynasty, abacus was quite popular, and a large number of books about abacus appeared. One of the most famous articles was written in 1592, pointing to the year when the algorithm was unified. The author of this book is Cheng Dawei, a businessman. Because of his interest in mathematics, after decades of hard work and accumulation, he took Nine Chapters of Arithmetic as a model and divided the contents involved into nine chapters and 595 questions, which were described in detail in the book. Rockets were invented in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Unlike bows and arrows, rockets are launched by external forces, while rockets are launched by the reaction of flame and gas emitted after internal gunpowder is ignited. Rockets used to be fireworks, but later they became rockets when used in the military field. Shenhuo Flying Crow was a single-stage rocket weapon widely used at that time. Weave a basket with bamboo strips and seal it with cotton paper and thread. It contains gunpowder and has paper wings on both sides. Split the bird's head and tail back and forth like a flying crow. Two large rockets are installed at the lower part of the head and tail respectively. Drill a hole in the crow's back, put in four detonating cords and connect them with buses. The rocket is connected with the explosion line in the crow. After the rocket was ignited, the flying crow flew, and when it was about to land 100 feet away, the powder line ignited the powder body in the crow and suddenly made a loud noise. Fire dragon is a two-stage rocket, which can be used in water warfare. Its body and tail are carved out of bamboo, and there are several rockets in the dragon's stomach, which are connected by a medicine thread. Two rocket launchers with a weight of 1.5 kg are installed under the tail of the faucet, and the fire door is downward, which is also connected by the main medicine line. Then connect the main rocket thread in the dragon belly with the rocket launcher thread. When the rocket launcher is generally lit, the fire dragon is inside the rocket launcher. The flying sand gun is also a two-stage rocket, which consists of two rocket launchers filled with propellant. The two rocket launchers fired in opposite directions. The rocket launcher has a downward nozzle, and the medicine line is connected with a firecracker. Firecrackers contain explosives and poisonous sand, and then they are connected to another rocket launcher with an upward nozzle. When the rocket launcher with the downward nozzle is ignited, the whole device will fly to the enemy, light firecrackers, and spray toxic sand when it explodes. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the highest medical achievement should be the medical scientist. His medical attainments are very high, and his works are unique from basic theory to clinical medicine. In addition to Compendium of Materia Medica, there are also lakeside pulse studies, textual research on pulse prescriptions, and examination of eight strange meridians and so on. Among them, Compendium of Materia Medica is the most famous. It took 26 years to write Compendium of Materia Medica, and the manuscript of Compendium of Materia Medica was revised three times. The book consists of 52 volumes, divided into 16 parts and 62 categories. Drugs 1892, prescriptions 1 10960, illustrations 1 160. There are several drugs in each category, and the system is clear. The name of each drug is usually recorded. In the second year, it spread to Japan, then to Korea and Vietnam, and 17 and 18 centuries spread to Europe. German, French, English, Latin, and Russian all have translated or abridged editions, and The Origin of Mankind all quoted the materials of Compendium of Materia Medica. The medical achievements in Ming and Qing Dynasties, except Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica, are outstanding in febrile diseases and vaccinia. Epidemic febrile diseases is the ancient medical theory of China to treat infectious fever. It pointed out the difference between infectious diseases and typhoid fever and began to
At the end of Ming Dynasty, a famous geographer appeared in China. Xu Xiake, whose real name is Hongzu and whose nickname is Zhenzhi, is from Jiangyin, Jiangsu. He traveled for 30 years every year from the age of 22 to 54, covering Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Byron. The first contribution to science is the record and discussion of karst landforms. Many places that Xu Xiake has been to belong to karst landform areas, especially Xiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan. He observed the geomorphological features of these areas in detail, compared the differences between different areas, and some even discussed the reasons. It can be said that he is the pioneer of systematic research on karst landforms in China and the earliest in the world. Secondly, in hydrology, it corrects the mistake of water diversion from Minshan Mountain in ancient books, and correctly points out that Jinsha River is the upstream source of the Yangtze River. There are some scientific discussions about the relationship between river discharge, velocity and river erosion. On the basis of the maturity of traditional science and technology, comprehensive scientific works appeared, which is the age of Xu Xiake's travel notes in the late Ming Dynasty. Xu Xiake's Travels embodies Song's scientific thought, emphasizing the cooperation between man and nature and the development of natural resources products through technology. Due to the needs of human existence and life, the whole book runs through the viewpoint of harmony and unity between man and nature. Book 18 volume, covering crop planting, sericulture, textile, printing and dyeing, grain processing, salt cooking, sugar making, wine making, porcelain burning, smelting and casting, shipbuilding, oil extraction, paper making, mining, weapons, pigments, etc. It covers almost all production technologies and processes in important agricultural and handicraft sectors, including the introduction of advanced production technologies, such as agriculture. There are methods such as pouring steel, smelting zinc and casting money in smelting, and degassing in mining. /kloc-in the 6th century, the scientific revolution in Europe began. With the arrival of western colonists, some modern western science and technology appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Matteo Ricci, Tang Ruowang, ferdinand verbiest and others spread western knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, geography, physics and firearms. The introduction of mathematics in the west mainly includes Euclidean geometry, arithmetic pen algorithm, logarithm and trigonometry. Matteo Ricci's Life in the Sky is the first scientific work translated by missionaries in China. Later, Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi co-edited The Tale of Heaven, which introduced the method of measuring height, depth and distance. The geometric version of Matteo Ricci Lee's translation introduces the use of arithmetic methods. Logarithm, as an important part of modern mathematics, was introduced to China by the missionary Muniger. In astronomy, Matteo Ricci systematically introduced the knowledge of western astronomy, including the principle of solar eclipse, the stars measured in the west and the manufacture of astronomical instruments. Western astronomy had the greatest influence on China, and the calendar of China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties was mainly made by missionaries, which was relatively accurate. Geographically, Matteo Ricci brought a map of the world, which opened China people's eyes and saw a miniature world. Geographical knowledge such as globe theory, map projection, division of five regions, North and South poles, equator, land and sea distribution, division of five continents, world famous mountains and rivers, country names, etc. were also introduced into China. Matteo Ricci catered to the psychology of China people and published 0755-770 in 1602. During the Kangxi period, under the responsibility of French missionaries Bai Jin, Jean Baptiste Regis, Du Demei and others, China had a map drawn by field measurement, which was the first large-scale map drawn by field measurement in the world and had a great influence on later generations.