Shanxi
Key cultural relics protection units in all provinces of China:
Shanxi (1 19) Henan (97) Shaanxi (89) Hebei (86) Zhejiang (72) Sichuan (62) Beijing (60) Jiangsu (53)
Hubei (52) Shandong (5 1) Guangdong (48) Fujian (45) Gansu (42) Xinjiang (4 1) Inner Mongolia (36)
Anhui (36) Liaoning (35) Hunan (34) Yunnan (32) Tibet (27) Jiangxi (24) Guangxi (22) Guizhou (19) Jilin (18) Shanghai (16) Heilongjiang (650)
Henan is the first underground cultural relic, and the second above-ground cultural relic (Shaanxi is the first above-ground cultural relic).
Therefore, those who know the Central Plains know China.
From 65438 to 0990, China began to select the top ten archaeological discoveries of the year, and Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, has been among them, with one or two archaeological discoveries selected almost every year, which fully demonstrates Henan's status as a major cultural relic province.
Known as "China Museum of History and Nature", Henan Province is one of the main cradles of China culture. From Xia-Shang Dynasty to Jin Song Dynasty, Henan was in the political, economic and cultural center of China for a long time. More than 20 dynasties successively established their capitals here, which is the province with the largest number of dynasties and the longest time in China history. Of the eight ancient capitals in China, Henan accounts for four. Not long ago, the cultural relics department of Henan Province conducted a survey on the cultural relics resources in the province, showing that the number of cultural relics buried underground ranks first in the country, with 6,543,800+0.4 million cultural relics in the collection, accounting for nearly one tenth of the cultural relics in the national collection, and nearly 100 key cultural relics protection units in the country.
Henan is one of the provinces with the largest number of cultural relics in China. There are more than 30,000 precious immovable cultural relics in the province. There are more than 30,000 immovable cultural relics such as ancient sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings and grottoes recognized as valuable in the province, and the state-owned cultural relics collection units collect more than 6,543.8+0.4 million movable cultural relics. There are world cultural heritage sites 1 in the whole province (namely Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang), 97 national key cultural relics protection units, 624 provincial cultural relics protection units and more than 5,000 municipal and county cultural relics protection units. There are 8 national historical and cultural cities and 20 historical and cultural cities (towns) in Henan Province. Of the eight ancient capitals of China, Henan occupied Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang and Zhengzhou. Henan has a large number of cultural relics, wide distribution, complete categories, high value and long historical span, which has laid a solid position as a major cultural relics province in China.
1. Henan underground cultural relics rank first in the country.
Henan, located in the Central Plains, is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. From Xia and Shang Dynasties to Song and Jin Dynasties, it has long been the political, economic and cultural center of China, so the number of cultural relics buried underground in Henan ranks first in China. The underground cultural relics in Henan have the following remarkable characteristics: First, there are a large number and all kinds. Second, the time span is large and the times are continuous. Third, it has great value and high popularity. Fourth, it is widely distributed and dense. Fifth, the proportion of ancient large-scale sites with particularly rich cultural relics is large.
(1) prehistoric sites
More than 50 paleolithic sites and ancient human fossil sites have been discovered in Henan. Lingbaoyingli, Shuimogou and Huixinggou in Sanmenxia, Qingshan and Rencun in Mianchi, Beiyao in Luoyang, Xinghua Mountain and Xiaokong Mountain in Nanzhao, Xiaonanhai in Anyang, Jing Ling in Xuchang and Dagang in Wuyang are all famous Paleolithic sites in China, which constitute a complete Paleolithic development sequence in Central China. In particular, Nanzhao ape-man fossils are as old as Zhoukoudian Peking man. It is not far from the unearthed sites of Lantian ape-man in Shaanxi, Yunxian and Yunxi ape-man in Hubei, which proves that ancient humans lived in the vast areas adjacent to Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi for a long time.
Peiligang culture, named after Peiligang site in Xinzheng, Henan Province, is a famous early Neolithic culture in China, about 8000 years ago. More than 20 Pei Ligang cultural sites/kloc-0 have been discovered in the whole province. Among them, the seven-hole bone flute unearthed in Jia Hu, Wuyang, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions symbol with similar characters, and the artificially cultivated rice caused a sensation in the international academic circles.
Henan is the hometown of Yangshao culture, named after the site of Yangshao Village in Mianchi, and also the birthplace of modern archaeology in China. More than 800 similar sites have been discovered in the whole province, such as the Yangshao Cultural Ancient City Site in Zhengzhou Xishan, painted pottery in Dahe Village in Zhengzhou and Hongshan Temple in Ruzhou, dragon and tiger patterns on mussels in Xishuipo, Puyang, and long houses composed of dozens of houses in Xiawanggang, Xichuan and Baligang, Dengzhou, all of which are rare archaeological discoveries.
More than 0/000 Longshan cultural sites have been discovered in Henan, including Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Pingliangtai in Huaiyang, Haojiatai in Yancheng, Mengzhuang in Huixian, Xinmi Gucheng Village, etc., as well as the remains of cast bronzes and original characters, which provide irreplaceable physical materials for exploring the origin of ancient civilization in China and looking for early summer culture.
(ii) Imperial capital
The Xia-Shang part of the national key scientific research project Xia-Shang-Zhou Dating Project is located in Henan. Most summer capitals, such as Yangcheng (now Dengfeng), Yangzhai (now Yuzhou), Diqiu (now Puyang), Zhayan (now Yanshi), Yuan (now Jiyuan) and Laoqiu (now Kaifeng), are all in Henan. Among them, Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Wadian in Yuzhou and Erlitou in Yanshi were all the capitals of Xia Dynasty after archaeological excavations.
Most merchants are also in Henan, among which Yanshi Mall, Zhengzhou Mall and Anyang Yinxu are all kings of Shang Dynasty after years of archaeological excavation. In recent years, a large-scale city wall has been found in the northern part of Yinxu in Anyang, which has important academic value.
Although the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was Shaanxi, Luoyang was built as the capital of the Zhou Dynasty and became an important town to control the East. There are also Cai (now Shangcai), Guan (now Zhengzhou), Wei (now Qixian), Chen (now Huaiyang), Song (now Shangqiu), Xu (now Xuchang), Qi (now Qixian), Ying (now Pingdingshan), Fang (now Suiping) and Guo (now Sanmenxia) in Henan. Moving eastward, Luoyang became the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. And the capitals of various vassal States are also expanding day by day. During the Warring States Period, Yiyang (now Yiyang), Yangzhai (now Yuzhou) and Han (now Xinzheng) were all capitals of South Korea, Daliang (now Kaifeng) was the capital of Wei, Zhongmou (now Hebi) was the capital of Zhao and Chen (now Huaiyang) was the capital of Chu. Now there are more than 30 Zhou Dynasty cities in Henan.
In the feudal society of more than two thousand years in China, there were more than 30 unified or local separatist dynasties, including more than 20 with Henan as its capital. Among the eight ancient capitals in China, Henan occupies the fourth place, namely Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang and Zhengzhou. Among the 102 national historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, there are 8 in Henan, namely Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang, Nanyang, Shangqiu, Zhengzhou, Xunxian and Puyang.
(3) Archaeological excavation
The cultural relics workers in our province conscientiously implement the dual policies of "being beneficial to both cultural relics protection and capital construction" and "focusing on protection and excavation", and earnestly carry out cultural relics drilling and archaeological excavation, revealing many important relics, showing the development process of ancient Henan society, filling many historical gaps and making great contributions to China's cultural relics archaeology. Among the ten new archaeological discoveries in National Cultural Heritage Administration selected by the Archaeological Expert Group and China Cultural Relics Newspaper since 1990, there are the Tomb of Yin Ruins 160, the Tomb of Zhouguo in Shangcunling, Sanmenxia, Dongque Site in Yingtianmen, Luoyang, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in garden village of Shang Dynasty Yin Ruins, the Tomb of Xizhou in Shangcunling, the Tomb of Han Liang in Yongcheng Mangshan, the Tomb of Chu Noble in Danjiangkou Reservoir and Ya 'an Courtyard in Luoyang in Northern Song Dynasty. Jin Meng Sister-in-law Neolithic Site, Pingdingshan Yingguo Cemetery, Yanshi Mall Inner City, Xinzheng Zhengzheng Ancient City Zhengguo Sacrifice Site, Xin 'an Xiaolangdi Reservoir Eastern Han Waterway Base Site, Jiaozuo Fucheng Early Shang Dynasty Site, Xinmi Ancient City Zhailongshan Age Ancient City, Baofeng Liang Qing Temple Ruguan Kiln Site, Yuzhou Shenqi Guanjun Kiln Site, Zhengzhou Old Xia Dynasty Master City Site, Yanshi Erlitougong Area. In addition, the base site of Yin Ruins Palace and Tomb 160, the Ruins of Liang Qing Miao and Song Ru Guan Kiln, and the porcelain cellar of Man Zi Yingru Kiln were among the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the Tomb of Yongcheng Han Liang and the Bedding Garden of Liang Xiaowang were among the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China during the Eighth Five-Year Plan, and the bronze tomb of Shang and Zhou Dynasties at Yinshan Site in Lu Yi was awarded the honorary nomination prize of 1998.
In archaeological research, Henan ranks first among its counterparts in all provinces in China. Take Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology as an example, which has published more than 60 academic monographs and published more than 500 archaeological reports and research papers/kloc-0. The highest prize of archaeology in China-Xia Nai Archaeological Fund Award, 16 was awarded by the state and 5 by the Institute. The Institute has made remarkable achievements in the research of the national Xia, Shang and Zhou dating projects "Chronology of Pre-Shang Dynasty" and "Chronology of Early Summer", and has been commended by the State Science and Technology Commission. If we add the archaeological research results of Luoyang, Nanyang, Sanmenxia, Anyang, Kaifeng, Shangqiu and other cities, the number of monographs, papers and archaeological reports will be even more. Central Plains Cultural Relics sponsored by Henan Museum and huaxia archaeology sponsored by Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology are both core periodicals in Chinese, which have made positive contributions to the prosperity and development of cultural relics and archaeological scientific research.
At the same time, the underground cultural relics unearthed in Henan were introduced to China and the people of the world through exhibitions in national and provincial museums, cultural relics exhibitions held abroad for many times, radio and television, which undoubtedly greatly improved the visibility of Henan. Let people see a splendid ancient Henan while realizing modernization with each passing day.
Muse Wuding, a National Treasure Unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang