One of homesickness, revered by Taoism as the ancestor and a world cultural celebrity. Later people called it "Laozi" (the pronunciation of the word "Lao" is the same as that of the word "Li" in ancient times). Historical Records Three Biographies of Lao Zi Han Fei: "Lao Zi was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang, Chuku County. Last name is Li, first name is Er, and the word is Bo Yang. Zhou Shoucang Shi also. " Reporter: I'm from Guxian, and now I'm in Lu Yi, Henan. Its land belongs to the State of Chen. Chen's extinction was the appropriate year for Confucius' death (479 BC), so I was born in Guxian County and returned to Chen, so I should be a Chen. Chen Guo? Qu in Li Xiang Town, Guxian County, wrote the Tao Te Ching with 5,000 words and 81 chapters. He lived a long life by practicing monasticism, and probably lived for more than a hundred years. Confucius, a contemporary of Confucius (55 1-479), was in his twenties. Confucius asked Laozi for advice several times, saying that Laozi was still a dragon. Laozi lived in the Spring and Autumn Period and served as the director of the National Library in Luoyi, the capital of Zhou Dynasty. He is well-read and versatile. Confucius asked Laozi when he traveled around the world. In his later years, Lao Zi took Qingniu to the west and wrote a 5,000-word Tao Te Ching (also known as Tao Te Ching, or Lao Zi for short, or Lao Zi's 5,000 articles) in Hanguguan (now Lingbao, Henan). According to legend, Lao Tzu transferred Yin, the company commander of Hanguguan. After that, I went west to Kunwu (now zhouzhi county, Xi City, Shaanxi Province). Seeing the ups and downs of the mountains and rivers (Zhong Nanshan Tianyu River) and peaks here, I stopped here and made grass for this building to practice the scriptures. Spread to this day, it is called Louguantai. It is the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, national AAAA-level tourist scenic spots, and contains more than 300 inkstones of scholars and poets in past dynasties. History is called the birthplace of Taoism. After his death, Lao Tzu was buried in Xilouguan, eight kilometers away from here, as well as the existing Lao Tzu's tomb. Tao Te Ching contains rich dialectical thoughts. Laozi's philosophy and ancient Greek philosophy constitute two sources of human philosophy, and Laozi is honored as "the father of China's philosophy" because of his profound philosophical thoughts. Laozi's thought was passed down by Zhuangzi, and together with Confucianism and later Buddhism, it formed the core of China's traditional thought and culture. After the appearance of Taoism, Laozi was honored as "the old gentleman on the throne", and Taoism called him the eighteenth incarnation of the old gentleman on the throne; From the biography of the immortal, Lao Tzu has been honored as a fairy. Tao Te Ching has more than 1000 foreign language versions, which is the most translated book in China. Laozi's ideological proposition is "inaction", and Laozi's ideal political realm is "neighboring countries look at each other, chickens and dogs hear each other, and people don't talk to each other until they die." Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, which is an objective natural law, and at the same time has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, doing without danger". The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "what is right is strange, what is good is evil" and "what is bad is good, and what is bad is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". "The way of heaven, the loss is more than enough, but the way of man is not, and the loss is not enough"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its contents are mainly found in the book Laozi. His philosophical thoughts and the Taoist school he founded not only made important contributions to the development of China's ancient ideology and culture, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ideology and culture for more than two thousand years.
Some people think that Lao Laizi is also a Chu. At the same time as Confucius, he wrote 15 books to promote Taoism. Some people think it is Zhou Taishi (dān), who lived 100 years after the death of Confucius. Sima Qian, a famous historian, explained in Historical Records of Laozi's Biography of Han Fei that there were two kinds of speculations about Laozi at that time. "Or: Lao Laizi is also Lao Laizi, who wrote fifteen books for the use of Taoism and was contemporary with Confucius." At that time, Sima Qian also suspected that Laozi was an old laizi. Now many scholars have adopted the first view that Laozi was born in Li Er at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Editing this passage from Lao Tzu's works
Dou Zhongliang in Laozi's Tao Te Ching
Laozi wrote a book of Laozi with 5,000 words in front of Hangu Pass, also known as Tao Te Ching or Moral Truth Ching. Tao Te Ching, The Book of Changes and The Analects of Confucius are considered to be the three most influential masterpieces in China. Tao Te Ching is divided into two volumes, ***8 1. The first 37 chapters are the first, and the last 38 chapters are the next. The ideological structure of the book is: Tao is the "body" of virtue, and virtue is the "use" of Tao. Up and down * * * about five thousand words. Tao Te Ching was later named. At first, Lao Zi's book was called Lao Zi, but there was no such name as Tao Te Ching. Its completion date was controversial in the past, but it is still uncertain. However, according to the date of "Laozi" on Guodian bamboo slips unearthed in 1993, it was written at least in the middle and early Warring States period. Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden". I also think that everything in the world is "there" and "nothing".
The unity of "being and nothing" is based on "nothing", and "everything in the world is born with something, and nothing is born". In addition, there are a lot of people-oriented ideas in the book: "Heaven has more than enough to make up for it, humanity is insufficient, and loss is not enough to support it"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's philosophy. There are many translations of Laozi since ancient times, and there are many versions of the original text, so it is difficult to study it. For comments on various annotations of Laozi, please refer to one of the data arrangement schemes of Laozi's Tao Te Ching-I hope Yanzi can write a comprehensive and informative reading for some beginners [2].
Edit this legend of Laozi
Xi An Zhong Kui Institute of Culture and Zhong of an Zhong Kui's hometown Happy Valley Resort organized experts to collect and sort out the legends of Laozi and Zhong Kui in Huxian County, Shaanxi Province, Zhong Kui's hometown. Legend has it that Yin, the company commander of Hanguguan, saw the purple gas coming from the east, and Lao Tzu came riding a green cow, worshiped Lao Tzu as a teacher, resigned, and followed Lao Tzu westward along Shenxian Road in Qinling. A few days later, he came to the foot of General Mountain. I saw auspicious clouds here, with spring-like seasons, flowing streams, shallow fish and water, birds contending, dragons and phoenixes dancing, peonies competing and springs tinkling. This is really a paradise. Hard-faced, with one sword and one fan, five bats came, upright and noble, unable to stop sighing: "Tao is Tao, extraordinary Tao, the creation of the universe, the beginning of heaven and earth, the mother of all things, and there are often people who want to see its wonders." Zhong Wei Fulin Town House won the first place in the list, and the true god also ... "The Tao Te Ching is 5,000 words, which was recorded by Yin, also known as the Tao Te Ching. Later, Lao Zi and Yi Xi worked in Afuquan, and the stable was in Nanshan. The old cow woman herded cattle, and Nanshan never let go. After discovering the shortcut to the south, he gave lectures in Liangshan, made an alchemy in Louguantai, and enjoyed the longevity of Nanshan. He is known as the ancestral home of Taoism, the hometown of Zhong Kui, and the best place in the world.
Edit this passage of Laozi's philosophy
Laozi tried to establish a theory that included everything in the universe. Laozi believes that everything follows this law (Tao): the interior of the thing itself is not single and static, but relatively complex and changing. Things themselves are the unity of yin and yang. Opposing things will transform into each other, that is, yin and yang transformation. Taiji yin and yang
Law (morality) comes from the law (Tao) of things. Laozi's "inaction" is not aimed at "inaction", but at "doing something" Because according to the "Tao" mentioned above, "inaction" will be transformed into "promising". The genius of this idea is that although it is not aimed at obtaining benefits subjectively, it can achieve benefits better objectively. From "heaven and earth are not pushed, the sun and the moon are self-evident, the stars are self-ordered, and animals are born." This is natural, why bother? " (See the fourth paragraph of Confucius' question in Laozi's story below) It can be seen that the "nature" mentioned by Laozi is not similar to the concept of God, and the law of all things (Tao) is stipulated by nature, that is, "Tao is nature". Some people misunderstand the meaning of nature here. It should be noted that. In fact, human life is like the existence of the universe, and no one can rationally point out its purpose. Therefore, the irrational choice of a certain goal (s) becomes the only choice. Laozi looked at the problem from the infinite standpoint of Tao. So Lao Tzu only said "method" and didn't point out "purpose". This gives us a revelation: why do people suffer because they deliberately achieve their goals? Being idle and carefree is also a way to treat people. As for Laozi's world outlook, according to the previous Tao, "nothing" and "being" (the existence of everything is "being") will be transformed into each other. Therefore, Lao Tzu believes that everything in the universe comes from nothingness and moves towards nothingness. For example, the life and death of human beings (see the following story about the death of a saint told by Lao Zi: "Once upon a time, Lao Dan was born out of nothing" and "Today, Lao Dan died out of nothing"). Dialectics belongs to methodology, including Taoism. Those contents in Laozi's Daoism that are very similar to dialectics are always praised by people. Compared with the above-mentioned view that Laozi's thought tries to be all-inclusive, there is another view that Laozi's Taoism belongs to the category of pure methodology. According to Guangxi Normal University's introduction to Laozi's impressions, its argument is roughly as follows: 1. As far as its original meaning in Greek is concerned, "methodology" is also "Daoism", the root meta is Tao in Greek, hodos is Tao, and "method" is the way people follow. Methodology or Daoism is an overall exposition of the goal and its realization, and it is an inquiry into how a person or a team should choose the path to achieve the goal. Secondly, the original meaning of "Tao" refers to the "road" that people follow in order to achieve a certain goal, and it is "followed by operation", which is extended to the code of conduct, code of conduct, methods of doing things, systematic organizational paradigm, operational procedural rules, and the movement laws of various sentient beings. Talking about Tao means talking about "how to go" in the process of achieving our goals. Thirdly, the original meaning of "virtue" is "what heart and behavior yearn for" (the zigzag of virtue is composed of heart, line and straightness, which is a judgment about where the actor's heart and line reach or stand in an evaluation space. On virtue is to evaluate and compare people's "walking level". Fourthly, Taoism is a discussion about Taoism and morality, and it is a behavioral comment around the ideal paradigm. Among them, the choice of Tao refers to the actor's choice of his own behavior, not the delineation of the line outside the body; It is the choice of "walking mode" or "standard on the way", not the grasp of environmental road conditions or external laws. Its focus is to investigate the relationship between behavior mode, behavior modality and behavior result, and then establish an ideal paradigm for ordinary actors to follow, rather than discussing the empirical problems of how the world or objective existence works. Five, a person can "go" from naive to mature, and a country can "go" from autocracy to * * *. "Walking" has a very abstract and extensive metaphorical meaning. The essence of Laozi's Taoist theory is to compare walking in ordinary three-dimensional space with walking in description space or generalized value space. In the ordinary three-dimensional space, going to a certain place is manifested as becoming a certain name in the "description space" and achieving a certain virtue in the "value space". Therefore, the problem of methodology is also a problem of "going"; What kind of road to take, what kind of existence to become and what kind of goal to pursue are the basic problems of Laozi's Taoist theory. Mingdao Palace
Edit this anecdote of Laozi
Laozi was born.
In the summer and June of 577 BC, the monarch of the State of Song died, and the right teacher Huayuan was in charge of state affairs. Lu Yitai Palace, the birthplace of Laozi, stone tablet.
The Huan family headed by Zuo Shi has long been interested in politics, but it is helpless and unable to do so. See * * * male died today, want to take the opportunity to uprising. Because the plot was not secret, the wind leaked, and the Dai family headed by Huayuan was expelled from the Song State. Since then, he was appointed as the left ambassador, old Zuo Wei Sima and Le Yi as Scott; Li Xinjun, this is Gong Ping Song. Shi Yu led more than 200 Huan people to flee to Chu, where they lived for three years. In the summer and June of 573 BC, the State of Chu attacked the State of Song, conquered Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) of the State of Song, and made Yushi and Yufu the guarding city, leaving 300 chariots to help defend the city. Song summoned courtiers to discuss this matter and asked, "The enemy is strong and I am weak, and the Chu soldiers invaded Pengcheng, which is my confidant! If you sit back and watch, there will be endless trouble! Who will pull out this fortress for me? " As soon as the voice fell, a humanitarian came out of the class: "I am willing to go!" " When Wang Ping looked at it, he saw that the man was two feet tall, with heavy eyebrows, broad cheeks and broad shoulders, and powerful. It turned out to be Sima Lao Zuo. Huayuan expressed concern and said to Gong Ping, "Fish and stones are cunning, and fish houses are fierce. Pengcheng has a strong force, with 300 chariots and 3,000 guards. Although Sima is heroic, vigorous, brave and difficult to win. " Lao Zuo said according to the truth: "Fish and stones are worms that eat books; In the fish house, a dog is tied with a chicken. What are you afraid of? Lao Zuo is willing to take his family around Pengcheng, and the city can't refuse to return it! " Wang Ping promised. Zuo Wei, an old general, led twenty thousand troops to recover Cheng Peng. It is said that Song besieged Pengcheng and attacked it day and night. The old assistant was brave and powerful, and took the lead, which greatly boosted Song Jun's morale. Within half a month, the defenders of Cheng Peng were in danger. One day, Fish Stone and Fish House were supervising the battle on the city. When they saw that there were many Song soldiers and soldiers, all of them were brave, and everyone scrambled to climb the city. I saw another general, wearing a silver helmet and armor, riding a white horse, galloping on the battlefield and dispatching troops. A Chu will ask, "Whose song will this be?" Fish stone replied, "it's the new Sima and the old assistant, the siege general." "Chu generals talked about it in succession:" The commander of the siege did not look at the enemy's position behind the army, but suddenly attacked from left to right in front of the army. How can he not boost morale! In this way, Pengcheng is too dangerous! "But Shi Yu is a calculating man. He said to his men, "things will fail, things will fail." There are many examples in history. How do we know that our army will fail? "Lao Zuo is fearless and takes the lead, which is the foundation of his success; Self-willed and arrogant, which is the root of his failure. How do you know that his army will win? " General Chu asked, "Zuo seems to have a plan in mind. What's the good plan? " Fish stone replied: "The two armies confronted each other. Whether they are handsome in the front or in the back, we must play it by ear. Now that Song Bing is attacking the city, the master should come forward and gallop with an arrow. This is a military taboo! I have a subtotal. If we follow the plan, it is hard to say whether Song Jun will succeed. " It turned out that Shi Yu had his men stab Lao Zuo in the back. Lao Zuo was supervising the war in front of the army when suddenly an arrow flew in and stabbed him five inches in the chest. Unfortunately, he fell off his horse and died. Song Jun leaderless, flight, scattered. Lao Zuo's family is in a tent in Song Ying, with several maids, dozens of generals and dozens of guards. Suddenly I heard that Lao Zuo had been killed, and I saw an army coming like a flood. Many families will drive in a hurry to protect the old lady from escaping. And fight and flee, to the evening, although the pursuer Lu Yi Mingdao Palace Xuanyuan Hall (hanging