Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.
For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.
(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.
("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.
2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.
"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.
(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.
"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.
(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.
Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.
"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.
2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for
"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.
For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.
(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.
The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."
"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.
4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.
""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.
"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.
For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.
For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.
For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.
Such as: "(Mencius) said:' Dule (yuè) Music (lè), Tongle (yuè) Music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.
For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.
For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".
Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.
(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.
(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.
Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, nai ... what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which and which, whether and which. Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。
2. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
writings in the vernacular
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
Of course, the ancients in other countries also left a lot of classical Chinese.
What is classical Chinese? What does classical Chinese mean?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
Let's take a look again. Classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. Only in the form of language, even people have left the oral language, and after it has become a text, there are obviously certain normative requirements for the elaboration of skills and the expansion of ideographic expression. Its "future" lies in its application and its ability to awaken vague etymologies and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
3. What does classical Chinese mean? The first "text" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
4. What does classical Chinese mean?
Ask someone, something or the nature of something.
What news did you get from there?
Ask about something or something.
Tell me what you are looking for.
Imagination refers to something that expresses uncertainty.
Smell a scent of flowers.
Express negation
What is he? You care about him?
Express blame
What are you laughing at?
It means asking about the possibilities that are not included in this word or a series of words before it.
Is this a reptile, an amphibian or something else?
Express surprise or excitement
What? No breakfast!
Excerpt from Baidu Chinese
Interrogative pronouns. Express doubt.
Tang Yan Gong Jian, King of the Five Dynasties: "Qi Zhanggong first came from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, put his book bag in the East Gate of the country, and took his career first ... Han began to see the topic, but asked with the cover:' Why do you want to make a decision?' "
"Jingde Deng Chuan Ji Fa Da Zen Master": "The ancestors said again,' What's your name?' Right: "named Fada." "Lu Xun's" Scream Medicine ":"It smells good! What snacks do you have? "
Li Guangtian; Foreword: "If you ask what the meaning of these articles is, barely speaking, it only reflects some aspects of that old society."
Interrogative pronouns. It means no need, no need
Tang Luyan's "Persuade the World" poem: "Food and clothing follow the fate, natural music; What is your life? What did you ask? ! "
Yuan Anonymous's Earning Kuai Tong is the fourth fold: "If Han had written earlier, Marshal Han would have been free from false accusation ... I know nothing about magic and tricks!" Say it, don't play dumb!
Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia related entries.
5. What does it mean in classical Chinese? "Shi" has the following explanations in ancient Chinese:
① Correct, as opposed to "no". Tao Yuanshi's farewell speech: "Today is not yesterday."
2 think it is correct. "Mozi. Business ditto "is what you do, it must be all. "
3 indicates positive judgment. Analects of Confucius "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, yes."
4 demonstrative pronouns. Here, here. Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher said: "My ancestors died, so my father died." Bao Zaji in prison: "Diseases are contagious."
⑤ Verb, used between prepositional object and verb, emphasizes the object "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-eight Years": "A small country must look to the monarch and dare to listen to it not only by living."
It is a typical mistake to translate the demonstrative pronoun "Yes" into "This" instead of "This" into "This". Sometimes you can't extract words directly from the translated sentences, but most of the time you can.
6. What do you mean by meeting in classical Chinese?
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. The same is true of China's ancient literature. Pressing the button also means a lot. Original meaning: meet.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, get together. -"Guang Ya Shi San"
There will be crimson. -"Poetry Xiaoya Car Attack"
I'll stop talking. -"Poetry in Tang Feng's Travel"
It will be clear. -"Poetry, Elegance and Daming"
Can count its coins. -"Rituals and Bridal Gifts"
To meet the hiding of heaven and earth. -"Book of Rites, Moon Order and Qiu Ji"
Then the world will be one. -Liu Zongyuan's feudalism
Touching guests, poets, will be here. -Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
2. goodbye; See you later.
See you later. -"Zhou Li Taizong Bo"
Meet in a strange place. -"Book of Rites Quli"
What meeting will be held, and the speech will be made. -"Biography of the Ram, Ten Years of Huan Gong"
Leave it to the inheritance and it will expire today. -"Yutai Xinyi, ancient poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's wife"
Meet the prince. -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"
3. Make it consistent; Meet.
The rhyme is clear and clear, revealing a strong femininity. -Wu Liangjun's "Continued Harmony"
4. Pay (especially in restaurants and teahouses). Like money, money.
5. understanding; Got it.
6. should; Should be required. If necessary: if necessary; should be Huiying: Yes.
Noun meaning:
1, the lid of the vessel.
Book of Rites: The lid of the vessel is called Hui, which is a combination of upper and lower parts. -"Shuo Wen Hui Zhu Duan"
Dunqi Conference. -"Rites and Burials"
Life with food will begin the meeting. -Yi Li Li Shiyu
2. Business, social or other gatherings.
Will talk about danger. -"Biography of Li Hanguang"
To explain things. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
This is a strike. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"
3. Timing. If it happens at the right time.
4. The place where people gather; Major cities-usually administrative centers. Such as Huiyuan: provincial capital; City.
5. A group or organization established for a certain purpose. Such as guild hall, guild hall: the place where the envoys of various countries were received in the Ming Dynasty.
6. disaster; Bad luck.
There must be a meeting in 160 years, and "Guo" and "stripping" will be a disaster. -"The History of the Later Han Dynasty: A Praise for Dong Zhuo"
7. A small-scale non-governmental economic mutual assistance. Generally, the sponsors will gather several people to pay the same amount on schedule, which will be used by the sponsors for the first time and will be used in turn according to the agreement or the order decided by lottery.
I make reservations in various bookstores, and each store has three or two. -The Scholar
8. Names of meridians and acupoints in traditional Chinese medicine.
Bian Que made disciple Ziyang sharpen his knife to win the Three Yang and Five Clubs. -"Historical Records Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong"
9. The ancient calendar in China used the unit of 10800.
Thirty years is a lifetime; The twelfth year is 360 years, which is luck; Thirty years is 1800, for a while; 12. accounting for129,600 years is one yuan. -Shao Yong's "Huang Jijing's Poetry Book"
Interpretation:
1, inevitably; Absolutely.
I have lost my gratitude and won't agree with you. -Peacocks in Gulefu fly southeast.
One day I will ride the wind and waves. -Don Li Bai, It's Hard to Go
2. It happened; Just right.
It will rain heavily. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
Will be angry. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
You will be lucky in the garden. -Wang Song Shu's "Tang Yulin Elegant"
It will rain heavily because I stay in the temple. -"Xu Xiake's Travel Notes, Visiting Huangshan Mountain"
Hold a grand banquet for the guests. -"Preface to Autumn Poetry, A New Record of Yuchu"
3. Indicate the scope. Equivalent to "all" and "all".
String, hum, sheng, spring, can keep the drum. -Book of Rites
Conjunction:
1, equivalent to "and", "with".
Assistant Minister Martai was sent to Chalang River to govern the country according to law, and Yu Yi took over the office. -"Liu Chuan Qing History Draft"
Yes: kuai
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. Original meaning: calculation; Total. This refers to the year-end settlement. After referring to accounting.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, I will. -"Jade"
Yes, big plan. However, if you count zero as a plan, it is always worth it. -"Mencius Zhang Wan" Justice
Everything that cashiers in the field and warehouses do in their official positions is calculated on a monthly basis, tested on a quarterly basis and held at an annual meeting. -"Rizhilu" Volume 24
At the end of the year, yes, but not for the king and queen. -"Zhou Li Tianguan"
Listen to the meeting. -"Li Xiaozhou". Note: "The monthly plan is important, and the annual plan is in a meeting."
7. What do actions in classical Chinese mean? The general meaning is as follows:
(1) become, become. Example: ① Why isn't this a blessing? (2) then change the excitation, and finally become a loyal minister.
(2) do it. Ex.: (1) If you do it, it will be easy for people in difficulty. (2) that is, four sentences of books and poems, calling themselves names.
(3) as, as. Example: ① His poetry was collected by adoptive parents and spread to a scholar in a certain township. (2) Why?
(4) Yes. Exodus: ① This is not for people far away, but for people near. (2) Only by touching it with your hands can you know that this is a wall.
(5) thinking, thinking. Example: ① Who is Zhihu? At first glance, no one will be surprised by being a stranger. 3 stealing is king, don't take it!
(6) existence. Example: (1) When I was young, I was brave and chivalrous and suffered from the village. (2) When it rises to death, it is sealed by the group.
(7) The modal particles at the end of the sentence express doubt or backchat. Example: ① What is the life of a master? 2 What is resignation? (3) Qin is rude, why?
(8) refers to psychological activities. Exodus: Try to seek the kindness of the ancients or do something different from them.
(9) Yes. Example: ① Just write the name "Huashan" and you can still know it. (2) Dare to use it for resentment.
(10) The future. Example: (1) used troops to defeat Pei Gong's army. (2) the public can help a certain behavior.
(1 1) governance. Will An Youwei be shocked if he is in danger for the whole world? (2) For the country, there is no reason to be moved by the accumulation of power!
(12) Pretend. Exodus: remove impurities and introduce.
(13) is used for. I am willing to be a city pommel horse and sign for you from now on. (2) Where a gentleman ends up, the operator is the world.
(14) Here, change to. Example: (1) This person speaks every word and sighs. (2) The bus is a ladder to me.
(15) Yes, item. Exodus: ① To outsiders, it is not enough to be a humanitarian. (2) Singing for the world should be more. 3 for it?
(16) because. Example: ① Pan Geng didn't change his attitude towards the complainer. (2) if you are not wise, you can't get the law.
(17) is "Yu", in, when. Exodus: In order to come, I ask you to tie a person away.
8. What is the meaning of "harmony" in classical Chinese? Original publisher: Hang Bin.
What is classical Chinese? (1) Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese. (2) Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning). (3) Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese. (4) "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style. (5) Does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. In the traditional life style, desalination appeared.
9. How is classical Chinese interpreted? Translation of classical Chinese should be accurate and fluent. Therefore, the translation of classical Chinese should pay attention to certain methods.
To sum up, there are roughly the following. One is literal translation.
Literal translation means direct translation according to the meaning and word order of the original text. (complete) silence.
The second is free translation. Free translation means translating according to the meaning of the original text, not word for word.
For example, a general died in a hundred battles, and a strong man returned ten years later. This sentence uses the rhetoric of intertextuality, and the words in the context must penetrate each other, explain each other and combine to express a complete meaning.
The third is the auxiliary method. This method is suitable for Chinese ellipsis sentence patterns. When translating this sentence pattern, only by adding ellipsis can the sentence be fluent and clear.
People don't understand (me) and (I) don't care (people). This increase makes the meaning smooth.
The fourth is the word order shift method. Because the order of symbols in inverted sentences in classical Chinese does not conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese, it is necessary to switch the positions of inverted sentences in translation to make them conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
Why do children rely on it? In translation, the verb "Shi" should be moved before the object "He". The fifth is the original word retention method.
Names, place names, official names, units of measurement, year numbers, names of emperors, dynasties and other words. In ancient Chinese, it can be translated without translation. For example, in the celebration calendar, there is Bi Sheng in cloth.
"Li Qing" (year number) and "Bi Sheng" (name) are special nouns, which can be directly retained in the original sentence when translated. The sixth is the deletion method.
Some function words in classical Chinese only have some grammatical functions and have no real meaning, so they can be deleted when translating. For example, Liu Ziji and Gaoshangshi in Nanyang.
The function word "ye" in the sentence can be deleted and not translated.