The origin and meaning of the name of Turku Department in this paragraph have been edited. Turku tribe is a part of Mongols. They have lived in Lake Baikal since ancient times. They are hardworking and brave, and have a glorious history. Every nation is made up of tribes, and each tribe has its own name and meaning. Understanding the origin of its name and meaning is conducive to expounding the origin, formation and early history of the tribe.
As early as the Tang Dynasty, there were records of Mongolians in the western desert in China, and there were also records of Mongolians in the Yuan Dynasty, which were called "external thorn", "external thorn" and "external thorn" in history, "Wala" in the Ming Dynasty, "Erut", "Erut" and "Willat" in the Qing Dynasty, and foreign books were also called "kalmyk" and "Willat".
"Oira" or "oirai" is a Mongolian language, and its earliest meaning has two common explanations: one contains Mongolian "Oir? A) means "close relatives" and "neighbors", meaning "close relatives", "neighbors" and "allies" (Volume 10 of the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty); One category contains the meanings of "forest man", "forest man" and "forest man" (A Dictionary of Asian History, Volume II). The latter statement is more credible, which is not only explained semantically, but also interpreted as "forest" with the etymology "oi". Ara is interpreted as "human", and the synthetic language is "forest man", "forest man" and "forest man". More importantly, they are called according to lifestyle and economic type. They once lived a life of gathering fish and hunting in the forest, and the herdsmen on the grassland called them "Huaiyuan is also strong". That's what the people in the forest mean With the change of history, the Great and Small Willat Alliance appeared in West Mongolia in Ming Dynasty, and the word Willat had more practical and etymological meanings, especially in the 18 and 19 centuries, foreign historians such as pallas and Schmidt thought that the "alliance theory" was more reasonable. From the perspective of the four major alliances, the former statement also has great reference value. Dolzi Banzarov, a Mongolian scholar in Buryatia, Russia, thinks that Weilat is composed of Wei (oi), forest, plus Alat, that is, people in the forest. It is generally believed that Dolzi Banzarov's explanation is closer to the facts, with sufficient reasons and authority.
In this passage, the editor refers to the various parts of Huirat, headed by Turku tribe who moved to Russia in 1628, as "kalmyk", "Kermek", "Gormek" and "Yurmek", all of which are transliterated in Chinese. The name "kalmyk" means that when the Bashkir people saw a group of nomads coming along the Volga River, they exclaimed as kalmyk, which means "migrants", "migrants", "vagrants" and "westward migrants" according to the language (alm.almn) in Bashkir. The meaning of this word has been literally translated by scholars of Chinese, Russian and Mongolian literature and history. According to pallas, it means "stay" and "stay". According to the ethnic etymology (verb), Chamakh (ma) means stay, which seems to refer to Turks who believe in Buddhism, which is different from those who convert to the Orthodox Church (The Collected Works of barthold, Editor-in-Chief of Oriental Literature Editorial Department, vol. 5, p. 538, Moscow Science Press, 65438). ))。
Another meaning of editing this passage is that after 1628, the Turkut tribe led by Erleke moved westward and settled along the Volga River, and some people were homesick and temporarily returned to Junggar Basin. "Left" and "left behind" refer to the Turkic tribes who settled at that time, but did not return to Junggar. According to Fisher's point of view in the first section of Pelliott's Review of kalmyk's History, kalmyk means "top hat" for various names of kalmyk; Vinson thinks that kalmyk is so called because the hat on his head is very high, which means high hat.
The scope of use of the word "kalmyk" in this paragraph is about the scope of use of the word "kalmyk". In his Russian Archives, Kotvich pointed out the relationship between 17- 18 th century Turks: in Russian and foreign archives, three terms are commonly used to represent Russian Urats: "Turks" come from Mongolian historical materials; "kalmyk" comes from Russian historical materials; "Kleiti Vilat" comes from Chinese historical materials in China. According to Brett Naidr, the word "kalmyk" was known in 1398, and the meaning of "stay" and "stay" seems to refer to those pagan Willats, so as to distinguish them from Donggan people who converted to Islam. The word "kalmyk" later meant that the Huila people living in the Volga River, the Don River and ural river have become accustomed to the name "kalmyk" and forgotten the ancient names-Huila, Kailaiti and Turkut (Iyazi Trutgen's History of Junggar Khanate, page 5, Moscow Science Press, 1964 edition). )
The editor of this paragraph has different views on the etymology and meaning of the word "Turhut" Mongolian historians have different views and are trying to explore full historical significance and language foundation. Therefore, the exact meaning of the word "Turhut" needs further study.
Editor's Note: Turhut is an ancient tribe among Mongolian people in China. As early as the end of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1628), in order to find a new living environment, most Turks left their native land of Talbahatai, Xinjiang, crossed kazakh steppe, crossed ural river, and came to the lower reaches of Volga River and the shores of Caspian Sea, which were not occupied by Russia at that time. On this sparsely populated grassland, they opened up their homes, worked and lived, and established a nomadic feudal regime-Turkut Khan.
During the following 100 years, the Turku people always maintained the relationship with the Qing government.
Turkutians lived in the Volga River basin for more than 40 years. In the 1960s of 18, they decided to return to their homeland, mainly because of the great pressure from the Russian Empire, which made them unable to live any longer.
First, politics. Turhuth's system is that the King of Khan decides everything, and there is an institution called Zalgu under the King of Khan. The Russian government wants to reorganize Zargu and raise its power to the same level as King Khan, which is a serious threat to King Khan.
Economically, the Russian government allowed a large number of Cossack immigrants to expand eastward, and constantly reduced the nomadic land in Turku, which meant that the development of animal husbandry in Turku was restricted.
Culturally speaking, Turks believe in Tibetan Buddhism, and the Russian government forces them to believe in Orthodox Christianity, which is absolutely unacceptable to Turks spiritually.
The Russian government implements the hostage system against Turks, with the aim of controlling Turks. Everything is under the command of the tsar. I told you to go east, not west. I told you to go to war, so you had to go to the front. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, the Russian empire tried its best to control the ocean. With the expansion of Russian aggression, there are more and more wars, including a long war with Turkey. At that time, Russia recruited young people from Turkey to fight Turkey as Russian troops. During the war, Turkey suffered heavy casualties. Moreover, the war lasted for 2 1 year, and every time Turkut went to 654,380+10,000 people, almost 1 10,000 to 20,000 people came back from the war. At that time, Turgut people said that if this war continued, there would be no Turgut.
There is also a very important reason, that is, during the strong period of Turhut, their khanate was on an equal footing with Russia, and after Russia became strong, they were required to bow to their knees. To sum up the above reasons, in such a situation, Turks, how to decide their own destiny, are facing severe tests and choices.
1767, under the leadership of Wabashi, Turhut held a small top-secret meeting at that time, at which it was decided to return to the homeland of the East. After all, Turks have lived in the Volga River basin for nearly a century and a half, and the grasslands and pastures here have left their footprints and shed their sweat. I'm about to give up that land, and when I say I'll leave, not all ordinary people can figure it out at once.
In the autumn of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1770), in a secret place on the grassland in the lower reaches of the Volga River, Wobaxi, the Khan King of Tulhut, presided over the top secret meeting for the second time. At the meeting, they solemnly vowed to leave Russia and return to the motherland.
177110/On October 4th, Wabashi called all the soldiers for general mobilization, and proposed that Turks would become slave races if they did not resist and left czarist Russia. This general mobilization ignited the flame towards light in Turku people's hearts. Although Wabashi and others tried to keep secrets from the Russians, the news leaked. The drastic changes in the situation forced Wabashi to act in advance.
They had planned to return to their homeland with more than 10,000 compatriots on the left bank. Unfortunately, it was a warm winter, and the river was not frozen, so people on the left bank could not cross the river. I had to make a temporary decision, and more than 30,000 households on the right bank acted immediately. The next morning, the wind was very cold. When the sun shone on the snowy Volga grassland, more than 33,000 Turks on the right bank of the Volga River set off and left their foreign land where they had lived for nearly a century and a half. In their words, they went to the east, to the place where the sun rises, and to find a new life.
Wobaxi led 10,000 Turkish soldiers. He took the lead in lighting his wooden palace; In a flash, countless villages also burst into flames. This tragic act of cross the rubicon shows the determination of the Turkish people to break with Russia forever.
The news of Turgut's return to the East soon spread to St. Petersburg. Catherine II, the Russian Queen of the Tsar, thought it was a shame for the family of Tsar Romanov to let the whole tribe leave the country under her nose. She immediately sent a large number of Cossack cavalry to chase the Turks heading east. At the same time, measures were taken to strictly monitor the remaining 10,000 adobe houses on the left bank of the Volga River. The Turkish team soon crossed the grassland between the Volga River and ural river. Walking on the outside, a group of Turkhuts were overtaken by Cossack cavalry. As the adobe houses were rushing forward with livestock, it was too late to rally the teams scattered on the vast Yuan Ye to resist, and 9,000 soldiers and civilians died heroically. A dangerous mountain pass that must be passed by the team returning to the east is Aoqin Gorge Valley. A huge Cossack cavalry seized this mountain pass. In the face of a strong enemy, Wo Baxi calmly commanded: he organized five camel soldiers to attack from the front, then sent artillery teams to outflank and almost wiped out the Cossack army to avenge the death of 9,000 compatriots. Along the way, in addition to brutal fighting, Turks were constantly attacked by cold and plague. The population of Turks has been greatly reduced due to the attack of combat casualties, disease and hunger. Some people have lost confidence in whether they can return to their motherland. In this most difficult time, Wabashi held a meeting in time to boost morale. He said: We would rather die than look back! The Qing government didn't know the news that Tuguhun people returned to the East in advance. Turks could not communicate with the Qing government, let alone get any assistance from the Qing government. Brave Turk Hut people still have to cheer up and move forward step by step towards the set goals.
In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (A.D. 177 1 April), in March, Buden Zabu, the left lieutenant of Dingbian, reported to the court that the Russian side had sent someone to inform the Turkut army that it was returning to the east. The Qing government only learned the news. The news of the return of the Turhuts caused a debate in the Qing court, and no agreement was reached on whether to let them go back or take them back. Finally, the Qing government decided: first, if the Russian government wants to come forward to negotiate this matter, it must resolutely block it back; Second, Turks must be resettled when they come back.
Turgut people fought bloody battles without hesitation. The trip lasted nearly half a year and went to Wan Li. They overcame the constant encirclement and interception by the Russian, Cossack and Kazakh armies, overcame unimaginable hardships and suffered great national sacrifices. Finally achieved the feat of returning to the East. According to the records in the Qing Palace archives "Manchu Vice Memorial", 170,000 Turks who left the Volga grassland suffered from illness and hunger after fierce fighting all the way, "only half of them went to Ili". In other words, about 80,000 to 90,000 people have sacrificed their lives.
On a sunny morning in May, the Turhuts finally reached the Ili River on the border of the motherland. At that time, Yi Chang 'an, general manager of the Xibe camp of the Iletupai, then general of Ili, and other officials met the newly arrived Wabashi, Sheren and others on the banks of Ili River. Soon, Wobaxi went to Yili with Yichang A to meet Counselor Shuhed, and Shuhed conveyed the will of Qianlong to Wobaxi, asking Wobaxi and others to go to the summer resort to meet Emperor Qianlong in the crisp autumn season, and handed the letters awarded by Emperor Qianlong to Wobaxi, Zebokdoqi and Shelun. Gan Long's imperial edict was written in Manchu and an ancient Mongolian script. This imperial edict fully expressed Qianlong's praise and welcome to Turks. Soon, thirteen people, including Wo Baxi, and forty-four entourage, accompanied by honest officials, came to the summer resort from Chahar Banner. This year, it happened that the Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Chengde was completed and a grand ceremony was held. Gan Long ordered the erection of two huge stone tablets in Putuo Zongcheng Temple, engraved with his own "All Surrender of Dulhut" and "All Notes of Excellent Dulhut Department" in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan languages to commemorate this major historical event. The feat of the Turks' return to the motherland deeply touched the people of the whole country, and various places donated materials to the Turks. The Qing government also allocated special funds to buy livestock, leather clothes, tea, grain and rice to help the poor Turku people tide over the difficulties. It is recorded in detail in Ute Turhut's Notes and Manchu Vice Memorial.
In order to properly resettle the returned Turhuts, the Qing government appointed officials to reclaim the land rich in water and grass, and allocated Bayinbuluke, Wusu and Cobuduo to the Turhuts for grazing, so that they could live and work in peace and contentment. Finally, the nomadic land is the "land under the leadership of Wabashi", also known as Old Tulhut, which is divided into four roads: east, west, north and south, and there are four leagues, each of which has appointed a leader. The land led by Sheleng is called the new Turhut, and Sheleng is the leader. There is also the Khoshuote Gongge Department, which consists of four flags, with Gongge as the leader.
Although more than 200 years have passed, people have not forgotten the heroes who returned to the East, and their deeds have become enduring academic research topics. Many scholars at home and abroad have praised the heroic feat of Turgut people's return to the motherland. The epic of the hero who returns to the East will be sung forever.
Editor's Note: There are about 654.38 million Turks in China (mainly distributed in northern Xinjiang), and some foreign countries are in Sweden, kalmyk, France, Britain and Russia, with about 80,000 people (by 2000).