Courbet is a master with a wide painting path and diverse techniques. Whether the object is scenery, still life, portraits, animals, cities or rural areas, he can do everything possible to achieve the lofty realm of profound and elegant painting. The smug girl by the Seine River, the stone filled with grief and indignation, the quiet deer resting after the rain on the cliff of aitel Tower are all magnificent and accurate, which have benefited future painters.
65438+From 1930s to 1970s, barbizon, a small town in Fontainebleau forest, attracted many painters. They met there and traveled to paint. They not only saw the primitive and desolate natural scenery, but also felt the comfort of escaping from downtown. They kept in touch with nearby Paris and learned about the trend of world art. The sketches made in the face of French land expelled the Italian scenery more thoroughly. This is the influential barbizon school. Rousseau (18 12- 1867), his master, has a gloomy and muddleheaded style, especially good at depicting the characters of trees and the depth of forest swamps. "Forest Exit" and "Oak in the Sun" depict twisted and scarred branches, dense leaves that block the sun, and veteran cadres cut off by lightning. The richness of images is amazing. "Oak Forest" vividly depicts the grassland in the sun and the cattle grazing and drinking in the shade of trees, which is full of interest and beautiful. His exploration of air sense and light, as well as his study of the atmosphere changes of the same scene in different periods, opened the way for the emergence of Impressionism. Of course, the barbizon painter who had the greatest influence on Impressionism was the extroverted giant Dubbini (18 17- 1878). His "Spring" and "Yuan Ye in June" express the sunny and warm scenery with separated and repeated strokes. Gradually, water became the soul of his painting, and the painting boat "Bodan" carried him along the Seine and Watts rivers, capturing the sky and clouds and the dawn. Twilight in Villeville, sunset on the Watts River, and the sluice in Watts, oberth, that is, the strange and magnificent water sky replaced the transparent mountains and won the reputation of "Beethoven who painted water". Monet's "Will Will" is a live sketch. The painter fixed the canvas in the open air with wooden stakes and waited for a long time for the moment when large clouds were swept away by the wind. When the wind was blowing, he wrote down the wonderful scenery, regardless of the details, and the thick picture seemed to surge.
The styles of barbizon painters are as rich as natural scenery. Dupro (1811-1889) likes to focus the light in the center of the picture with strong colors, and lightning flashes and thunders. The forest at the beginning of the rainstorm is his best theme. Diaz (1807- 1876) is characterized by dim and changeable swamp trees. The strong light from the crack burns wet grass, phosphorus bark and accumulated dead leaves like fire. Troyon (1810-1865) is good at showing the returning herds in the forest with backlight. The broad vision and quiet pastoral mood in Cow and Cow make people daydream and yearn.
Some critics listed Keluo (1796-1875) as the seven stars of barbizon, because he once lived in Fontainebleau forest and painted with his close friend Dubbini. Although he sketched abroad and all over France every year, he was always fascinated by the forest that first impressed him deeply. Connor was unmarried all his life, and his family was well off, but he was able to devote himself to his favorite paintings very late. Therefore, he is not interested in the increasing commercial value of his works. He does not advocate fashion, does not seek fame and fortune, is loyal to his own eyes, and naturally forms the same art as lyric poetry. Bridge of Monte is an unconventional and subtle depiction, interwoven with continuous bridge opening and jagged tree trunks into an evocative rhythm. The red hat of the boatman on the quiet water adds infinite vitality to the deep space, as if playing a strong sound. Memories of Mongolian Fontaine is more like a dream song. The graceful giant tree stretches out into the sky with open arms and a hazy crown. Lakes and grasslands are covered with gauze, and the dark part breaks through the traditional asphalt color, emitting mysterious and transparent purple-gray vibration. Koro once divided his paintings into two categories: one is the works that were sent to the salon for exhibition and gained great reputation, such as Dance of the Fairy in the Woods; One kind is Kinosaku, which is not for others to see, such as Narnia Bridge, Colosseum, Tao Wei Street, Chater Cathedral and sailing on the sea. Although they are small, they are simple and clear, and the bright and simple colors and the effect of sunshine don't let the later impressionists. Connor paints recklessly and often sits in the middle of the road to sketch. The more ordinary the scenery, the more he can display his talents. Even in the face of the most complicated scenery, he can easily simplify and refine it, explore and fix its hidden fragrance. Ke Zhuo Luo's Eternal Scenery sometimes makes people forget that he is also a master of portrait painting. His The Woman in Blue, The Girl with a Pearl and Dressing all represent the essence of this century's art with uncut beauty and more modern brushwork.
Xiaomi (1814-1875) was born in a peasant family. Although he is already famous for painting naked women in Paris, the field workers in barbizon let him see the sublimation of his dream for many years. So, he came here with his family to settle down and let the ordinary rural life scene shine. 1848, as the first part of his series of works, the powder was exhibited in the salon, which immediately caused a sensation. It has realized the long-term pursuit of many painters, and is also called "exaggerating the facts" by people who hate this art. The hoe helper is a farmer who has worked hard on barren land since early morning. He wants to stand up straight and catch his breath. From his arms holding the handle of the hoe, the sweat on his face and his open mouth, we can see his degree of fatigue. Some critics accuse this sympathetic and true depiction of "not painting, but manifesto". In this regard, Miller wrote angrily: "So, even the thoughts we have when we see people sweating to support ourselves are not allowed!" In fact, the profound social significance of Miller's art lies in the simplicity that epic can't achieve. Take "gleaner" as an example, three peasant women wearing coarse dresses and heavy wooden shoes bent down to look for a little bit of wheat left in the harvested fields. The painters didn't make any beautification, and we couldn't even see their faces hanging on the ground clearly. However, the sacredness of labor and the spirit of land to the tiller are the best ode to workers. It is precisely because it surprised the public for the first time to discover the greatness of ordinary labor. "On the horizon behind gleaner, there seems to be a rebellious spear and a guillotine". Miller usually uses horizontal composition to make monumental figures appear in the wilderness at the end of the forest. Shepherdess is a typical example of this composition. When a large number of farmers flocked to industrialized cities, a girl who kept company with sheep all day stood there silently like a statue. Is her confused eyes longing or melancholy? The distant horizon, bright horizon, has brought her hopes and our thoughts to the distance. As it turns out, Miller's The Late Bell is the most popular work of art in the world. In the twilight, the peasant couple who bowed their heads and prayed, with the bells of the distant church, caused many feelings and associations! Are they celebrating the birth of a baby? I wish you a happy marriage? Or mourn the dead relatives? Or can we say that the lingering sound contains the whole society and life?
In his later years, Miller was recognized by the government against his will. The improvement of the situation enabled him to use various techniques and materials to create outstanding landscape paintings: the wind with clouds and waves, the hidden and silent sheep shed under the moon, and the four seasons with thousands of weather. The existing Spring in the Louvre depicts rainbows and blooming wild flowers after rain, especially with a distant sound, which is extraordinary.
Just as Miller is a master who praises rural life, Du Miai (1808- 1879) is a master who reflects urban life. He started his artistic career with cartoons. He was imprisoned for six months for satirizing King Louis-Philippe's work Gao Kangda for embezzling people's wealth and paste. However, after persecution, the brush became sharper and sharper, and Emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte and thiers became the targets of its acrimony and ridicule. Justice and humor in Longing for South Street (1834 April 15) and Legislative Stomach made him famous. From 1835, it turned to lithographs, and turned to the ridiculous bourgeoisie when the freedom of the press was abolished. Bankers, judges and businessmen are also involved, and sometimes they play jokes on the lower classes. Although his desire to engage in oil painting finally obeyed the freer and more agile printmaking, he still left nearly 300 humorous and concise oil paintings. Forgiveness is dominated by eloquent lawyers, in sharp contrast to women who hide their faces and cry, indifferent judges and gendarmes. The crucifixion of Christ, which accounts for more than half of the background, brilliantly shows the hypocrisy of "generosity and kindness" Art lovers are one of Du Miai's favorite themes. Collectors who are addicted to painting, pretentious painters and sculptors, and bravado street singers are all so happy and sympathetic. In his creation, Du Miai never hesitated to omit anything that was not directly related to the theme. "Third Class Carriage" only outlines the characters, slightly colors them in the dark, and even the squares left by the manuscript are not covered, which is enough for us to see the life rhythm and the thoughts of the middle and lower classes in that era. Don Quixote uses only a few sculptural strokes to draw a thin and lonely figure, even omitting the five senses, but it makes the poor hero stand out. This pure and primitive "freehand brushwork" has played an inestimable role in the artistic development of later generations.
What is worth mentioning here is19th century French sculpture. At this time, the emerging bourgeoisie played an important role in broadening the field of sculpture and changing the artistic atmosphere. The main demanders of sculpture works have changed from a few nobles to a large number of individual bourgeoisie and public associations. Around 1825, it has become a trend for various associations in major cities in France to initiate and organize celebrity statues. Stone statues or bronze statues of mayors, outstanding notaries, famous doctors, outstanding writers and painters stand in public places, and even the most remote towns can see several statues. At the same time, sculpture schools have been set up in various places to meet this unprecedented demand. The vigorous development trend and the evolution of artistic interest are also directly reflected in the arts and crafts closely related to sculpture, such as the modeling and decoration of ceramics, wax tables, clocks and watches and furniture. The lyricism of nature neutralizes classical rigor and ushers in a flourishing age of genius selection.
When the object of expression changed from monarch to celebrity and scholar, the sculptor naturally changed the original method of conveying surging passion through the muscles of heroes, and paid attention to capturing the profound thoughts and inner world of characters. The most important representative of this trend, David Dangus (1788- 1856), is a jacobin Party party member, who is as enthusiastic as Louis David. Once his political beliefs are combined with his love of classicism, his stones have magical charm. He made a high relief on the lintel of the gate of the French Pantheon where outstanding people were buried. Above the huge words "Great people, France thanks you", the goddess representing the French nation, accompanied by the gods of freedom and justice, was awarded the crown representing eternal life. Napoleon and his generals and soldiers, as well as lawyers, scientific inventors and artists, reached out to accept this shame. Although it takes the form of the Parthenon, it is full of artistic personality and heroic feelings that all antique works can't match.
One of the great contributions of Angel David is that he boldly introduced fashion clothes into the sculptures of19th century through figure statues, especially through exquisite commemorative medals, so he is regarded as an epoch-making great figure in French art history. Victor hugo Medal and Lady Recamier Medal are his masterpieces. The figures he carved are very distinctive and lifelike. In order to express the characteristics of the characters, he even used strong exaggeration and even deformation techniques, and he was a well-deserved pioneer of enthusiastic Delacroix and humorous Du Miai.
Compared with the angel David, Pradir's style is much more serious and tragic. Through the simplicity and exquisiteness of his form, he embodied his unique elegance, so he was praised by both classicism and romanticism. His works, whether monumental giant sculptures in Nim Fountain or small bronze sculptures in private collections, are magnificent and pleasing to the eye.
Baye (1796— 1875) is the greatest animal sculptor in the 9th century. He broke through the classical law of sedate and reserved, keenly captured the expressions and dynamics, captured the most vivid and lovely moments of animals, and described the changeable habits of various animals. Of course, his favorite performance is the beast that is awesome in all directions. The lions he made, including the huge group sculptures in Luxembourg Park in the center of Paris, and the widely circulated paperweight stationery, all exude vitality and strength, which is shocking. Tiger vs crocodile, lion snake snake, running elephant, tiger swallowing deer, all opened up a new world with strange imagination. That rough hair. The tense and expressive muscles are like arrows on the string, which show the joys and sorrows of wild animals running and fighting for survival in a concentrated and touching way.
The genius of Jules Dalou (1838- 1902) is that he injected the national spirit into the French monument sculpture of19th century. His typical representative work is the monument of the Republic of China standing in national mall. This masterpiece, which stood out from numerous competitors, finally gave way to the gods and monarchs of Versailles, a French woman wearing a military cap of the French Revolution. She is ordinary and simple, resolute and determined, with solid bones and muscles and full of confidence in her eyes, and is directing the victorious March. Her guard of honor is not an outstanding general, but two giant lions and two male and female workers. The goddess of abundance, surrounded by lovely children, is a strong peasant woman, while Hera chris, with her muscles bulging, is a strong worker with a hammer on her shoulder. The emotion of democracy, harmony and harmony are seamlessly combined with traditional sculpture forms. Its selection shows that the French public has modern aesthetic taste.
A great scholar was born in an ordinary worker's family, which brought him closer to the working people. During the Paris Commune, he showed extraordinary courage and integrity, and served as the curator of the Louvre Museum, making great contributions to preventing the loss of world art treasures. He created a large number of statues of workers and peasants, which made people feel a kind of pent-up and unbearable emotion and condensed great strength in their tight muscles. The Delacroix Monument made by Daru for Luxembourg is also one of the most outstanding sculptures in French art in the19th century. Two gods are taking away a beautiful naked girl. While struggling in despair, she turns around and lays flowers in front of the portrait of the great painter.
At this time, the most famous large-scale memorial sculpture in France is the memorial to the dead in Father Lachez cemetery. The author Bacelo (1848- 1928) used the architectural style of ancient Egyptian tombs to make a statue of a god kneeling on the ground with his arms outstretched in a lower grave to pray for a dead couple. The upper floor asked two rows of people to walk to the tomb door, one left and one right. Among them are old people, people with broken limbs, people who hide their faces and tremble, and people who kiss goodbye. The dynamic of despair highlights the theme of death.
Leading the people freely is a symbol of the French revolutionary spirit, and its sister work "La Marseillaise" is found in the sculpture. Ruud (1784— 1855) made this huge relief for the Arc de Triomphe in Paris to show the scene of volunteers' departure. The image representing the Marseillaise is shouting, and everyone exudes unstoppable steel power. Passionate fighting spirit and strong sense of movement make the audience's heroism come to life. Luther not only loved frank and vigorous romantic techniques, but also emphasized dynamic trends, while maintaining delicate realistic observation. The Little Fisherman, Joan of Arc Hearing the Call, Napoleon Becoming an Immortal and the Statue of Marshal Nai all reflect his unique style. Luther's student Carpeaux (1827-1875) is rooted in reality, draws attraction from baroque and rococo art, and is fascinated by light and cheerful dynamics. His group sculptures of female body "Dance" and high relief "Flower God" are vivid, fresh and lovely. Although they are accused of "insulting women", they still make the Paris Opera House and the Cheryl Palace shine brilliantly. The Four Sides of the World, written by him for the fountain of Paris Observatory, represents different races with four people hand in hand, and uses strong light and shadow to create a perfect combination of realistic thoughts, natural gestures and sharp movements. Because his works are always full of joy, he is called "the sculptor who expresses smiles".
Although Rodin (1840-1917), a master of realistic sculpture, was a child prodigy, his life was bumpy. He failed in the Academy of Fine Arts three times, went to Notre Dame de Paris to make a living by mending, and went to Brussels to engage in decorative sculpture, and remained unknown until he was 40 years old. His first work, Nose Collapser Selected by Sharon, has not attracted due attention, while the sensational Foot in the Bronze Age was falsely accused by critics as a mold made by real people because of its vivid and exquisite human body. In a difficult environment, Rodin constantly created novel and wonderful works. John the Baptist and The Walking Man are the praises of human masculinity. The Thinker conveys the expression of muscles, and the ups and downs cause rich and moving light and shadow, just like a symphony, so some people call it impressionist sculpture. The despair of Hugo and his children, the fiery passion of kissing, Hugo's grandeur and Savannah's obscurity have all reached a shocking level. The Citizen of Calais also depicts a citizen representative who tied himself with a rope and went to the enemy camp to be humiliated in order to save the life of the whole city. The cry of grief and indignation shook people's hearts.
Rodin's unlimited technology and extraordinary feeling are fully displayed in Hell's Gate. The meditator sits high above the door, looking at the suffering crowd, three ghosts hovering at the door, and more than 200 people who are vigorously moving are making strange combinations inside the door. It contains most of the artist's masterpieces, which can be described as the crystallization of life-long efforts. Rodin's abuse reached its peak when he wrote the Balzac Monument. It took him six years to write this book, and after several drafts, he finally chose the scene where the author of "Human Comedy" was inspired to get up in clothes at night. The whole body of the character, including his hands, is wrapped in a wide robe to highlight his messy hair and wise head. That kind of bold and unrestrained technique can be compared with the hearty splash of ink in Chinese painting. As a result, this masterpiece was ridiculed as "toad in a sack" and was rejected. What people didn't realize at that time was that it started a brand-new era. In fact, even Rodin himself failed to surpass it.