Reference: Great China people/celebrities/students/Kong Zi
Image reference:. Yimg/i/icon/ 16/35 What is the core of Confucius' thought? There are three views: benevolence, courtesy, benevolence and courtesy. Zi Gong, a metaphysical scholar, said: "The nature of Confucius' words and nature of heaven cannot be obtained and heard. This seems to give people the impression that Confucius avoided metaphysics. When he asked Luz, "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" When he told Fan Chi to "stay away from ghosts and gods", Confucius really paid more attention to the world and the coast. At this point, he is like a moderate skeptic. However, "the unity of heaven and man" is a very important proposition of early Confucianism, which can be described as the origin of the discussion on the relationship between heaven and man in later generations. Many people think that Confucius' way of life has been integrated into Yi Zhuan, but it is still inconclusive whether Yi Zhuan was written by Confucius. The realm of benevolence in life is a proposition repeatedly discussed by Confucius and his disciples. Once, when Fan Chi asked about it, Confucius said, "Love. Many scholars have pointed out that benevolence is not indiscriminate love, but the so-called love is different. However, many people insist that the principle of charity lies in fraternity. Yan Yuan once asked Ren, and Confucius told him that "self-denial is benevolence". The explanation of this sentence is also controversial, but at least it shows the importance of courtesy. However, Confucius also said: "Where is the unkind ceremony? It can be seen that propriety is the external norm and benevolence is the internal virtue. According to the principle of benevolence, people spread and strengthen the natural kinship, push themselves and others, and get along with others from near to far. So Confucius attached great importance to filial piety. He said, "If you are filial, what is the basis of benevolence?" ? ! When Zhong Gong asked Ren, Confucius said, "When you go out, you will meet a big guest and make the people like a big sacrifice. Don't do what you don't want, don't do it in the state, and don't complain at home. " Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you "is exactly what Confucius said to Zi Gong that he can abide by all his life. Forgiveness is a basic principle. Confucius said to Zeng Shen, "My way is consistent", and Ceng Zi understood: "The only way to be a master is loyalty and forgiveness. Although a gentleman and a villain are distinguished by their status, Confucius does not think this is the only difference. What is more important is self-cultivation and realm. Confucius has many explanations for this. For example, he said, "A gentleman is moderate, but a villain is anti-moderate. The doctrine of the mean ("impartiality, no fault") is the highest realm of self-cultivation, and it is also a subtle method with rich connotations. In the past hundred years, many people hate the golden mean, which is probably misunderstood as a hypocrite's collusion with evil, and their obsession with the world is natural and unprincipled. In fact, this kind of homesickness is exactly what Confucius hates. He said: "Homecoming is also a thief of virtue. "He believes that if you can't reach the golden mean, madness is the second best state. After all, "the madman makes progress, and the coward does something." Confucius also said: "A gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial." . ""A gentleman is knowledgeable in writing, and he makes an appointment with courtesy. " "Quality is better than literature, literature is better than history, gentle, and then a gentleman." (Balance between simplicity and literary talent) "Be open-minded, a petty man is anxious and worried.. (Suffering from loss). " "A gentleman is not satisfied, not safe, sensitive to things, cautious about words, upright and studious. "Scholar's way three: the benevolent is not worried, the knower is not confused, and the brave is not afraid." "A gentleman doesn't tell people with words, and he doesn't waste words with people." "A gentleman is Thai (comfortable) but not arrogant (arrogant), and a villain is arrogant but not Thai. Correcting political order is the most important political proposition of Confucius. At first, Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and he replied, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son. Later, in Wei, he took pains to say: "If the name is incorrect, it will be impossible. If it doesn't work, it will be embarrassing. If you are embarrassed, you will not be punished. * * Nothing to do. It can be seen that the purpose of rectifying names is to maintain a well-ordered society so that people can follow certain norms instead of living in an unpredictable state. Many people think that Confucius wants to restore the rites and music of the Western Zhou Dynasty, while others think that he only advocates a new world order in the name of restoring the past. Honesty is not only a personal virtue of Confucius, but also a basic political principle. When Zi Gong asked about the main points of politics, Confucius said, "Enough food, enough soldiers, and people's trust. "The most important thing is the third point. He said, "Since ancient times, everyone has died, and people will not stand without faith. Teaching and educating 3,000 disciples and 72 sages According to Records of the Historian, Confucius had 3,000 disciples, of whom 72 were proficient in six arts, which were called "72 sages". Outstanding virtues are: Yan Hui, Min Loss, Ran Geng and ran yong. Prominent in politics are: Ran Qiu and Zhong You. Highlights of the speech are: kill me, stop talking. Outstanding writers in literature are: Shang Bo, Shi Chuansun, Zeng Shen, Tan Taiming, Yuan Xian, Zhang Gongye, You Ruo and Gong Xichi. After the death of Confucius, "seventy disciples wandered around the princes, the eldest son was Qing Xiang, the master, and the second son was a friend of the literati." In this way, it broke the aristocratic monopoly of Shi Qingshilu system politically, and created conditions for the autocratic monarch to freely appoint and dismiss the bureaucratic system of Buyi Qing Xiang.
Confucius (55 1-479), surnamed Kong [1], was born in Qufu, Shandong Province, and was a thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China. Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, which has been the mainstream theory in China culture since the Han Dynasty. Confucius has been respected as a teacher for generations. Confucius and the Confucianism he founded had a far-reaching influence on China, Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and other regions, which were also called Confucian social regions. Family and Life Confucius was born in Zhou Lingwang on the 27th day of the 20th lunar month in 55/KLOC-0 BC. Born in the state of Lu, his ancestors were aristocrats in the State of Song and descendants of businessmen. If we combine the legend with the history of belief, the son of Kong's surname has a prominent pedigree. In the legendary era of the Five Emperors, there was a Jewish birth contract of the Wa family. Tang, a descendant of Qi, founded Shang Dynasty. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Wei Zi, the ordinary brother of Feng Zhou, started in the Song Dynasty. Wei Chuan is located in his brother Wei Zhong. After Zhong Wei, the father of the fourth generation handed over the country to his younger brother Song Qing. Fu Cha's father, that is, the father of the fourth Confucius, Jia, "don't be a public official after V", hence the name Kong. Confucius' father, Jia III, stopped his uncle from running to Lu. Stop my uncle from giving birth, and give birth to Ge (named). Shu Lianggan lived in Qiaoyi, Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu County, Shandong Province). He married Yan Zaizai at the age of 72, aged 18, and gave birth to Confucius and Zhong Ni. Historical Records Confucius Family says: "Confucius was born when Ge met Yan's daughter". Legend has it that Yan Zhizhai had seen Kirin before Confucius was born. When Confucius was 3 years old, Shu died and was buried in Fangshan. Yan moved to Qufu Queli to raise Confucius, and died in 17. Confucius found the place where his father was buried and buried his parents together. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, Kong Qiu married an official of the Song Dynasty. The following year, Guan's son was born, and Duke Zhao of Lu sent someone to congratulate him and named his son. Before Kong Li died of Confucius, there was a posthumous son Kong Ji. Confucius, like Confucius in Ma Yuan in Song Dynasty, was born in Ding Wei [2]. When he grows up, he is nine feet and six inches long (the overall size is about 1.76 meters, that is, 1.83 meters), so he is called a "long man". In his early years, Confucius lived a very hard life. He said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I was bullied by yang hu, the family minister of Ji family, but I also worked as an envoy of Ji family, using fields to manage storage and animal husbandry. In hardships, Confucius became studious. He visited famous teachers all over the world and humbly asked for advice. He has studied Laozi, Xunzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and others. Around the age of thirty, some of the first disciples came to Confucius. Since then, Confucius has been engaged in education and recruited disciples. According to legend, there are three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. He first advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and became a pioneer and representative of academic downward movement and private lectures at that time, so later generations respectfully called him a "model for all generations" and a "holy teacher". At the age of 35, Lu was driven away by his great-granduncle, grandson and doctor Sanhuan, and Confucius left Lu for Qi. Due to the opposition of Yan Ying, the prime minister of Qi, Confucius was not reused for several years, and returned to Lu to call his disciples to give lectures. From the ninth year of Lu to the fourteenth year of Lu, Confucius was an official in Lu, first serving as the governor of Zhongdu (Zhongdu is now Wenshang County, Shandong Province), then as an agent, and then as a great secretariat, which was the peak of his political career. In the tenth year of Lu, Lu joined forces with Confucius in Jiagu, and Confucius won diplomatic victory, which enabled Qi to return Wenyang and other places that occupied Lu. In the thirteenth year of Lu, Confucius planned and implemented the political and military action of "capturing the three capitals" in order to re-establish his authority, hoping to weaken Dr. Sanhuan's strength, so he fell into the trap of his uncle first and then at the expense of his home country. However, the siege attack finally failed. Under the rule of Confucius, the state of Lu has been greatly improved, which makes the people of Qi very afraid. Li Yan, a doctor of the State of Qi, designed a female music for Lu, so that Lu would not ask about state affairs. This made it difficult for Confucius to bridge the moral and political differences between Duke Lu and Ji Zi, and Confucius finally went to Lu Shiwei. Later, Confucius led his disciples all over the world, wandering in Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Ye, Chu and other places, but they were not reused. In the meantime, in Kuang, Song, Pu and other places, Confucius and his party were trapped in distress many times; The most serious time is that there is no food between Chen Cai and Confucius, but Confucius is still reciting string songs. In 484, Confucius, who was nearly seventy years old, was sent back to Shandong by Ji Kangzi, but he was not appointed. During this period, Confucius paid attention to education and collation of ancient books. Kong Li, Yan Hui and Luz all left before him. Five years later, Confucius left this world and his disciples and was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. Disciples mourned for him for 3 years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for 6 years. Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen at sixty, and act at seventy without overstepping the bounds." 」