Rote memorization is the basis of understanding, and the basic meanings of classical Chinese content words commonly used in textbooks must be kept in mind, so as to transfer knowledge into ability in the exam. This kind of examination questions often appear in the college entrance examination. For example, three of the four words (meanings) in this year's exam appear in the textbook: "solid" as a verb is embodied in the sentence "Old people must strengthen their roots when they seek wood" (Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong), and "economic" as "success" is embodied in "things are not credible, but they are laughed at" (Heroes' Meeting Jiang Gan). Other sentences, such as "genus", "one" and "rice" in the spring exam in 2008, can be found in the textbook. Although the sentences are different, the meaning is the same.
Word formation and lexical interpretation
Ancient Chinese was mostly monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese basically evolved into disyllabic words. Some words in modern Chinese are disyllabic words, but a word is added before or after classical Chinese words. Mastering this relationship between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese and synthesizing monosyllabic phrases in classical Chinese into disyllabic words or compound words in modern Chinese can also help us to better interpret words. For example, the "subordination" of the spring exam in 2008 and the "exclusion" of the autumn exam in 2006 can be answered in this way. In addition, some words are composed of two monosyllabic words, which should be interpreted separately. For example, the word "ke" in item D in the autumn exam 18 in 2007 is composed of two independent words "ke" and "one", which means "can be used".
Idiom decoding
Many idioms in modern Chinese are directly inherited from words in ancient Chinese, or summarized from a story. The solution of individual words in idioms is the solution of ancient Chinese. Therefore, when you encounter a word you don't understand in your explanation, you may wish to associate some idioms containing this word, and sometimes the problem can be solved. For example, the "rice" in the spring exam in 2008 can be understood by association with the "rice" in the idiom "big lie", and the "Ji" in the autumn exam in 2006 can be understood by the idiom "Ji" in the peak. Another example is a sentence in classical Chinese, which says, "From beginning to end, the year is not over, thieves are all over the world, and prison lawsuits are full." The meaning of "Deng" here may be difficult to understand. If we can link the idiom "five crops are abundant", then the meaning of "Deng" in this sentence can be determined, that is, "the crops are ripe"
Lexical interpretation of text
Also known as intertextuality. The ancients often used sentences with the same or similar structure, and used synonyms, antonyms or related words in corresponding positions. Accordingly, some words can be judged according to the context. For example, in the autumn exam of 200 1, the word "zai" has two basic meanings: "the second time" and "twice". According to the above sentence "an arrow fell", "Yi" and "zai" should be opposite, and "Yi" means "the first time", so "zai" can also be understood in this way. There are countless antithesis phenomena in textbooks. Here are two examples: (1) "There is no end to cicadas and no end to apes." ("A Letter with Zhu"); 2 "So the people of the six countries have ... belonging to it; ..... the act of understanding its meaning; ...... Lun made his soldiers. " (on the Qin dynasty).
Flexible use of vocabulary solutions
In ancient Chinese, some words can be used flexibly in a specific language environment, temporarily changing their basic functions and acting as other words in sentences. This kind of temporary flexible words is called flexible parts of speech. According to the special usage of flexible use of parts of speech, we must explain the meaning of flexible use of words. For example, the word "Bao" in the spring exam in 2007 followed by the pronoun "Zhi" in "Bao Jin" is a conative usage and should be interpreted as "treating" ... such as treasures (treasured as treasures) "; The word "Guan" in the autumn exam in 2006 is obviously used as a verb in the sentence "The article is the best in the world", which means "in the first place". Similar situations, such as "A" ("The most beautiful Alingyin"), are interpreted as "being the first" and "being the most" (spring exam in 2005).
Lexicalization of context
Words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles. Multiple meanings of a word can only be filtered in context. Without context, sometimes it is impossible to analyze the meaning of a word. Inferring the meaning of words should be combined with the language environment of the sentence itself, and sometimes even observe the language environment of the whole paragraph. For example, the word "use" in this year's college entrance examination questions means "use" and "seize opportunities" in textbooks and peacetime training, but it is not applicable here. According to the description, Xiangcheng was besieged by rebels, and Yang, the wife of the county magistrate, encouraged everyone to "keep its city harmonious and dead" and the following article "Xiangcheng, a small city, has no halberd crossbows and deep ditches in the high city, and thieves will swallow it and will surpass the city. Others, such as "pride" (emphasis) in the autumn exam in 2007 and "arrogance" (arrogance) in the autumn exam in 2005, must be analyzed in context in order to be accurately understood and translated.
2. What are the commonly used annotation terms in ancient China?
(1) Definition of terms
1, Yue, Wei, Zhi, these three jades are used for interpretation, and also to distinguish the subtle differences between synonyms and synonyms. Explanatory words are generally placed after "Yue", "Wei" and "Zhi".
2. Predicate "predicate" is different from "predicate". When using "predicate" in annotations, the words to be explained are put in front and the words to be explained are put behind, which are often abstracted by concrete explanation and interpreted as a whole by division.
3. The words "emergence" and "emergence" are generally used after verbs or adjectives to indicate a certain modality, and the words that are interpreted are mostly adjectives that indicate a certain nature or state, which is equivalent to "the emergence of ……".
When using "you" and "you are talking" as annotations, synonyms are usually used as annotations, or extended meanings are used to explain this article. Explanatory words and explanatory words have similar meanings. "You" is roughly equivalent to "equal to saying" in modern Chinese.
(B) sound training terminology
When these two terms are used, they are generally explained by words with the same sound and meaning. The words with the same sound and meaning and the same meaning are called "sound training".
2. Jude Yan also teaches terminology, which has the same function as Jude Yan and What is Speech.
(C) Phonetic terminology
1, pronounced, pronounced, these two words indicate pronunciation, and this word is generally used to indicate loanwords.
2. The terms "reading if" and "reading if" are mainly used for phonetic notation, but sometimes they are also used to indicate loanwords.
Please list some common words in classical Chinese (ancient Chinese) and their explanations. 2. Demonstrative pronouns refer to things, which are translated into "it", "them" or literally translated names of things.
(1) study in time, what's more? (Ten Rules)
(2) after the slaughter to break its shares, also kill it. (wolf)
(3) Confucius said: Learn silently and never tire of learning, and never tire of teaching. (Ten Rules)
The ghost asked, "Who do you want to reply to?" Ding Bo is responsible for this. ("Song Ding Bo Catch Ghosts")
(5) After the voting, the wolf stopped and the old wolf came again. (wolf)
Second, auxiliary words:
1, a structural auxiliary word, translated as "de"
(1) Your illness is in the stomach, so it will be good if you don't treat it. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(2) With the power of the monarch, we must not damage the hill of the chief father. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(3) Taste the heart of the ancient benevolent. (The Story of Yueyang Tower)
(4) How can the South and the Qin Dynasty seize the power of crowing and dog thieves? ("Reading Meng Changjun Biography")
⑤ Knock stones and dig soil, and transport the dustpan to the bottom of Bohai Sea. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
2. The structural mood auxiliary words are placed between the subject and the predicate, and the sentence independence is cancelled.
(1) Good medical care is not a disease. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(2) In the bone marrow, the division of life belongs to, too! ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
Although I am dead, I have a son. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(4) the trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected. ("Looking at the Sea")
⑤ Leave the lotus alone and stay out of the mud. ("Ailian said")
3. Modal auxiliary words form syllables.
(1) The public will drum it up. (Cao Gui Debate)
(2) After a long time, my eyes are like coffins, and I am very idle. (wolf)
Regret for a long time. (The Chen She Family)
(4) In a short time, more than twenty thieves rode around, followed by hundreds of people on foot. (Great Iron Vertebra Transmission)
4. Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional object.
The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard of by Taohou. ("Ailian said")
(2) What's the matter? ("Humble Room Ming")
(3) What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? (Mozi. Lost ")
but
I. Conjunction
1. The conjunctions indicating the coordinate relationship can be translated into "you", "moreover" and "ye". Sometimes no translation is needed.
(1) You can be a teacher if you review old things and learn new things. (Ten Rules)
② There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(3) Dongpo is the man with stubble in the middle (The Story of the Nuclear Ship)
2. The conjunctions indicating inheritance are translated into "then" and "JIU"
(1) study from time to time, what's more? (Ten Rules)
(2) Bian Que looked at Huan Hou and walked away. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(3) Wei Jianting, widely circulated, arrested and killed the captain. (The Chen She Family)
3. The conjunctions expressing the turning relationship are translated into "but", "however" and "but".
(1) people don't know and don't mind, not as good as a gentleman? (Ten Rules)
(2) Love lotus grows out of the mud without being stained, while Zhuo Qing ripples without being demon ... You can watch from a distance and don't play. ("Ailian said")
There are always swift horses, but Bole doesn't. (Ma Shuo)
4. Conjunction indicating progressive relationship. Translate "and" or not ".
(1) with three brave and versatile, push for long. (Feng Wanzhen)
2 less drunk, the highest age, so it is called drunk. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
3 sensitive and eager to learn. (Ten Rules)
5, indicating the relationship of modification, which can be translated as "ground", "zhe" or not.
(1) Hequ laughs when it's wrong. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(2) I stood up and looked. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(3) Arrogance, staying for a long time. (The Oil Man)
6. The conjunctions indicating causality are translated into "therefore", "therefore" and "therefore".
(1) Fermented spring is wine, spring fragrance and wine bottle. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
(2) Liu Bei is fierce in the world and has a gap with Cao Cao. He stayed on the table, indicating that he could not be used. ("Purple Tongzhi Sword Battle of Red Cliffs")
(3) You will be forced to take something that is not a lady, but you will play with it. (Huang Sheng Borrows Books)
along with
4. How to group words according to rules and how to use words; Try it; Manipulation; Writing method; Methods; Code; Judge; Laws and regulations; Law; Action.
Method:
First of all, spell: f snipe
II. Department Head: Ju
Third, interpretation:
1. The rules of conduct that citizens must abide by and reflect the will of the ruling stage are formulated and promulgated by the state: ~. ~ code. ~ officer. ~ rules.
2. the means to deal with things: do ~. Gather your hands. Write ~.
3. imitation: effective.
4. Standard, normative and exemplary: ~ type. ~ paste.
Fourth, make sentences:
1. The thief stole the treasure with flowers instead of trees.
To write a good composition, there is no other way but to work hard, read more and practice more.
3. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, but in comparison, the first method is not worth the loss.
This is a good idea that he came up with in a hurry.
The best way to stop spreading lies is not to listen to them.